Voltaires Affect on Modern Western Society Essay -- Fracois Marie Aro

I do non agree with what you have to say, but Ill defend to death your right to say it, were the known speech of Fracois Marie Arouet, more commonly known under the pen name of Voltaire. He was known for being very outspoken and rebellious, which got him into trouble with the authorities for closely of his life. Voltaire advocated the cut bourgeoisie as being ineffective, the aristocracy as being corrupt, and the commoners as being too superstitious. Voltaires beliefs on independence and reason is what at last take to the French rotary motion, the United States Bill of Rights, and the decrease in the power of the Catholic Church, which have all affected modern western society.The French Revolution was a period of upheaval in France, during which the French governmental structure and Catholic clergy underwent a large change due to Enlightenment ideas. The commoners of France began to revolt later audition the ideas of famous philosophes like Voltaire. Voltaire was a deist w ho believed that the Catholic Church and its doctrines were not to be trusted since they used propoganda to get followers rather than the echt religion. He believed it was unfair that there wasnt any religious freedom since you were expected to be a Catholic. He spoke openly about this, which of prevail got him into a lot of trouble. Nevertheless, the French commoners took his word into thought and decided to act upon what he said by revolting against the church. Voltaires ideas also critized royal authoritarianism because they had, in his opinion, too much power. He favored an elightened absolutist, which is an absolutist who adopts Enlightenment ideas. Once again, the French commoners took this to heart and agreed with Voltaire that the French government was too ... ... to thrust you position injustices. Voltaire studied natural sciences and reason because he was against supestition. Although he advocated religious tolerance, he believed that any one church should not have a bsolute power. By the quantify he was executed, he had already brought about the end of the power and right of the church to torture France. People in France still are not as faithful to the Catholic Church as they had been before Voltaire had introduced them to the idea of reasoning.The Enlightenment is held to be the source of many modern ideas, such as the primary coil values of freedom and reason. The views of philosophers such as Voltaire are considered to be the source of many essential changes in countries such as America and France. His views on religion, government, and freedom are what people remember most because they have not died out in todays society. Voltaires Affect on Modern occidental Society Essay -- Fracois Marie AroI do not agree with what you have to say, but Ill defend to death your right to say it, were the famous words of Fracois Marie Arouet, more commonly known under the pen name of Voltaire. He was known for being very outspoken and rebe llious, which got him into trouble with the authorities for most of his life. Voltaire advocated the French bourgeoisie as being ineffective, the aristocracy as being corrupt, and the commoners as being too superstitious. Voltaires beliefs on freedom and reason is what ultimately led to the French Revolution, the United States Bill of Rights, and the decrease in the power of the Catholic Church, which have all affected modern western society.The French Revolution was a period of upheaval in France, during which the French governmental structure and Catholic clergy underwent a large change due to Enlightenment ideas. The commoners of France began to revolt after hearing the ideas of famous philosophes like Voltaire. Voltaire was a deist who believed that the Catholic Church and its doctrines were not to be trusted since they used propoganda to get followers rather than the actual religion. He believed it was unfair that there wasnt any religious freedom since you were expected to be a Catholic. He spoke openly about this, which of course got him into a lot of trouble. Nevertheless, the French commoners took his word into thought and decided to act upon what he said by revolting against the church. Voltaires ideas also critized royal absolutism because they had, in his opinion, too much power. He favored an elightened absolutist, which is an absolutist who adopts Enlightenment ideas. Once again, the French commoners took this to heart and agreed with Voltaire that the French government was too ... ... to make you commit injustices. Voltaire studied natural sciences and reason because he was against supestition. Although he advocated religious tolerance, he believed that any one church should not have absolute power. By the time he was executed, he had already brought about the end of the power and right of the church to torture France. People in France still are not as faithful to the Catholic Church as they had been before Voltaire had introduced them to the i dea of reasoning.The Enlightenment is held to be the source of many modern ideas, such as the primary values of freedom and reason. The views of philosophers such as Voltaire are considered to be the source of many essential changes in countries such as America and France. His views on religion, government, and freedom are what people remember most because they have not died out in todays society.

Norman Bridwell Essay --

Some cartridge holders youll do something that you real like and no one else does, said Norman Bridwell. Norman Bridwell has proved that if you like something you just go with what you want. He proved it when he was in broad(prenominal) school he liked to make unnecessary but the teachers didnt appreciate it. After taking a look at the life and work of Norman Bridwell, it is apparent that this writer deserves recognition as a profound American author.Norman Bridwell was born on February 15, 1928 in Kokomo, Indiana (TEACHERS). He always dream of going to college to study to be an instructor but he never had enough say-so to do it (About the Clifford). It took him a long time to get his confidence back once he got his confidence back he went to college and studied what he wanted. He was not good at any sports, he was a nerdy kid in highschool so he was bullied a lot. One day his gym teacher gave him a pencil and a notebook so when he had gym he would draw or write stories (TEACHERS ). Norman always had time to write and draw and if he didnt have time he would make time.Norman had a lot of things that infl... Norman Bridwell Essay -- Sometimes youll do something that you really like and no one else does, said Norman Bridwell. Norman Bridwell has proved that if you like something you just go with what you want. He proved it when he was in high school he liked to write but the teachers didnt appreciate it. After taking a look at the life and work of Norman Bridwell, it is apparent that this writer deserves recognition as a profound American author.Norman Bridwell was born on February 15, 1928 in Kokomo, Indiana (TEACHERS). He always dreamed of going to college to study to be an instructor but he never had enough confidence to do it (About the Clifford). It took him a long time to get his confidence back once he got his confidence back he went to college and studied what he wanted. He was not good at any sports, he was a nerdy kid in highschool so h e was bullied a lot. One day his gym teacher gave him a pencil and a notebook so when he had gym he would draw or write stories (TEACHERS). Norman always had time to write and draw and if he didnt have time he would make time.Norman had a lot of things that infl...

The Character of Iago in Shakespeares Othello Essay -- GCSE Coursewor

The Character of Iago in Othello In the tactical maneuver Othello, the character Iago plays a paramount role in the destruction of Othello and all of those round him. Some critics state that Iagos actions are motiveless and that he is a purely evil character. However, during the course of this paper, certain motives for Iagos actions will be discussed. For the first motive to be understood the reader must become knowledgeable of Othellos heritage and the setting of the play. Othello is a Moslem from North Africa. He is living in Venice. He is the attracter of the Venetian forces. Anthony Burgess, a Shakespearean critic, believes that Othellos color has nothing to do with Iagos actions. Othellos color had no connotations of the enslavable inferiority. There were many great Negroes in those days like that Antonio de Vunth, who was queen regnant of Congos ambassador to the Holy See.(Shakespeare, pp.200) There may have been many great Negroes around in those days but there we re none in Venice. Othello was the just member of his race in Venice. Many of the people who lived in Venice had never seen a Moor. To the people of Venice, Moors were different and feared, they were seen as an evil spirit. Some people conceit that they were witches or devils that walked the earth. Included in a text written by Stephen Greenblatt, Roderigo and Barbanizo believed that Othello used magic to win Desdemona.(Norton Shakespeare, pp. 2091). You also see many references in the play where a character will refer to Othello as being a devil or beast. It was no secret to the reader of the play that Iago possessed a hatred for Othello. In fact, in act one of the plays the reader s... ...nced by motives and he was not just evil. There must be motive to trigger evil and in Iagos case the fact that he was losing what seemed to be respect and accountability from the people of Venice and his friends, drove him to hate. Works Cited and Consulted Bayley, John. Shakespeare and T ragedy. Boston Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd., 1981. Bradley, A. C.. Shakespearean Tragedy. bare-ass York Penguin, 1991. Campbell, Lily B. Shakespeares Tragic Heroes. New York Barnes and Noble, Inc., 1970. Di Yanni, Robert. Character Revealed Through Dialogue. Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego Greenhaven Press, 1996. Reprint from Literature. N. p. Random House, 1986. Shakespeare, William. Othello. In The Electric Shakespeare. Princeton University. 1996. http//www.eiu.edu/multilit/studyabroad/othello/othello_all.html No line nos.

Capital Punishment Essay: The Death Penalty and the Eighth Amendment :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics

The Death Penalty and the Eighth Amendment Is the finale penalization consistent with the Eighth Amendments prohibition against the imposition of cruel and unusual punishments? This essay will address this question and present a short history of the death penalty in America. The Supreme Court considered particular applications of the death penalty in the 1940s and 1950s. In each case it upheld the states action without addressing the larger issue of the death penaltys constitutionality. In the 1960s, the NAACP Legal Defense Fund, led by professor Anthony Amsterdam mounted a full-scale attack on the death penalty. Adopting a moratorium strategy, the LDF succeeded in blocking all executions for five years, creating a death-row logjam. In Furman v Georgia in 1972, the Court invalidated all then-existing death penalty laws based on the inherent arbitrariness of their application. Most observers at the time think that there would never again be an execution in the United States. They were wrong. In 1976, in Gregg v. Georgia, the Court upheld Georgias new capital-sentencing procedures, concluding that they had sufficiently reduced the job of arbitrary and capricious imposition of death associated with earlier statutes. The Court continued to face questions concerning the application of the death penalty to non-murderers, to minors, to mentally disabled prisoners, to racial minorities. whizz such case is McCleskey v. Kemp, a challenge based on a study that showed murderers of white victims were far more likely to be sentenced to death than murderers of smuggled victims. The Eighth Amendment says Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted (Constitution). How does it square with the actual facts of capital punishment 1. The average inmate localise to death in 1998 spent ten years and ten months on death row. 2. In 1998, 285 people were sentenced to death. 3. At the close of 1999, Texa s has the most prisoners on death row (39), followed by California (31), and Alabama and Florida (25 each). 4. Over 3,500 prisoners are currently on death row. 5. Thirty-nine states have death penalty laws on their books. wizard of the most eloquent attacks on the death penalty ever delivered in an American courtroom came in the Leopold & Loeb Case in 1924. Clarence Darrows eloquence is often assign with saving the lives of two confessed teenaged murderers.

Euthanasia And Self Determination :: Free Euthanasia Essay

When speaking in terms of legalized euthanasia, and self-determination, Callahan feels that people should make decisions for themselves according to their own beliefs as to what comprises the good life. (pg. 226) He also states that we will, one delegacy or another, die of some disease and that death will have dominian over all of us. (pg. 227) The meaning of this is no matter what we are all indentured to die. In the case of death he first looks at suicide. This is when a person takes his or her own life, without the assistance of another. Euthansia, is a decision made betwixt 2 people, the one being killed and the one doing the killing. He takes the stand that the very idea someone would waive their right to life, and then give another the baron to take that life, requires a justification yet to be provided to him or by anyone. ( pg. 226) Should anyone want to end their life for any reason it can definitely be achieved. Callahan feels that doctors of medicine should not be giv en the right to end lives of people who no longer feel life is worth living and that euthanasia should exclusively be utilized only to releive the pain of an incurable disease. (pg. 228) It is not medicines, place to lift from us the burden of suffering, which turns on the meaning we assign the decay (or internal aging process) of the body and its eventual death. It is not its place to determine when lives are not worth living or when the burden of life has fix to great to be borne. (pg. 229) Hence he is saying that physicians should not be allowed to be the sole person making judgements about who should be allowed to live or die, in any situation. The person who knows that he or she is infected and chooses to forego treatment has decided to commit suicide. The flipside of this is the person who infected the individual initally, knowing that they were pathogenic decided to end the other persons life for them. This by our standards ehis would be murder. However, should both parti es know about the infectious process then a form of euthanasia between two consenting individuals has be obtained, whether during the act of sex, or sharing needles in drug addiction. Bayer and Callahan both agree that a person or group of people having their own beliefs and cultural habits need to be addressed with that in mind.

Euthanasia And Self Determination :: Free Euthanasia Essay

When speaking in terms of legalized euthanasia, and self-determination, Callahan feels that people should make decisions for themselves according to their own beliefs as to what comprises the good life. (pg. 226) He also states that we will, one way or another, die of some disease and that death will have dominian over all of us. (pg. 227) The meaning of this is no matter what we are all destined to die. In the case of death he first looks at suicide. This is when a person prefers his or her own life, without the assistance of another. Euthansia, is a decision made among 2 people, the one being killed and the one doing the killing. He takes the stand that the very idea someone would waive their right to life, and then give another the power to take that life, requires a justification yet to be provided to him or by anyone. ( pg. 226) Should anyone want to end their life for any reason it can definitely be achieved. Callahan feels that doctors of music should not be given the righ t to end lives of people who no longer feel life is worth living and that euthanasia should only be utilized only to releive the pain of an incurable disease. (pg. 228) It is not medicines, place to lift from us the burden of suffering, which turns on the meaning we assign the decay (or natural age process) of the body and its eventual death. It is not its place to determine when lives are not worth living or when the burden of life has become to cracking to be borne. (pg. 229) Hence he is saying that physicians should not be allowed to be the sole person making judgements about who should be allowed to live or die, in any situation. The person who knows that he or she is infected and chooses to forego treatment has discrete to commit suicide. The flipside of this is the person who infected the individual initally, knowing that they were infectious decided to end the other persons life for them. This by our standards ehis would be murder. However, should both parties know about th e infectious process then a form of euthanasia between two consenting individuals has be obtained, whether during the act of sex, or sharing needles in drug addiction. Bayer and Callahan both agree that a person or stem of people having their own beliefs and cultural habits need to be addressed with that in mind.

Li&Fung Case

Li & Fung Established in 1906, Hong Kongbased Li & Fung is now one of the largest multinational trad-ing companies in the development world, with annual sales of more than $7 billion in 2005, up from just $1. 2 billion in 2000. The company, which is still run by the grandsons of the founder, sea captain and William Fung, does not see itself as a traditional trading enterprise. Rather, it sees itself as an expert in supply chain management for its 500 or so customers. These customers are a diverse group and include fit out retailers and consumer electronics companies.Li & Fung takes orders from customers and then sifts through its network of 7,500 independent suppliers located in 40 countries to find the skilful manufacturing enterprises to produce the production for customers at the most attractive combination of cost and quality. Attaining this goal frequently requires Li & Fung to break up the value chain and pick different productive activities to manufacturers located in di fferent countries depending on an assessment of factors such as labor costs, trade barriers, transportation costs, and so on.Li & Fung then coordinates the unharmed process, managing the logistics and arranging for the shipment of the finished product to the customer. Typical of its customers is The express mail, Inc. , a large U. S. -based chain of retail clothing stores. The hold in outsources much of its manufacturing and logistics functions to Li & Fung. The process starts when The Limited comes to Li & Fung with designer sketches of clothes for the next fashion season.Li & Fung takes the basic product concepts and researches the market to find the right kind of yarn, dye, savetons, and so on it then assembles these into prototypes that The Limited can inspect. Once The Limited has settled on a prototype, it will give Li & Fung an order and ask for delivery within five weeks. The picayune time between an order and requested delivery is necessitated by the rapid rate of prod uct obsolescence in the fashion clothing industry. With order in hand, Li & Fung distributes the various aspects of the overall manufacturing process to different producers depending on their capabilities and costs.For example, Li & Fung might decide to purchase yarn from a Korean company but shake up it woven and dyed in Taiwan. So Li & Fung will arrange for the yarn to be picked up from Korea and shipped to Taiwan. The Japanese might have the best zip-pers and buttons, but they manufacture them mostly in China. So Li & Fung will go to YKK, a big Japanese zipper manufacturer, and order the right zip-pers from its Chinese plants. therefore Li & Fung might decide that due to con-straints imposed by export quotas and labor costs, the best place to make the final garments might be in Thailand.So everything will be shipped to Thailand. In addition, because The Limited, like many retail customers, needs quick delivery, Li & Fung might divide the order across five factories in Thailand. Five weeks after the order has been received, the garments will arrive on the shelves of The Limited, all looking like they came from one factory, with colors perfectly matched. The result is a product that may have a label that says Made in Thailand, but it is a global product.To better serve the needs of its customers, Li & Fung is divided into numer-ous small, customer- center divisions. on that point is a theme store division that serves a handful of customers such as Warner Brothers there is a division for The Limited, and another for Gymboree, a U. S. -based childrens clothing store. Walk into one of these divisions, such as the one for Gymboree, and you will see that every one of the 40 or so people there is focused solely on meeting Gymborees needs. On every desk is a computer with a direct software link to Gymboree.The staff is organized into alter teams in areas such as design, technical support, merchandising, raw material pur-chasing, quality assurance, and shipping. These teams also have direct elec-tronic links to dedicated staff in Li & Fungs branch offices in various countries where Gymboree buys in volume, such as China, Indonesia, and the Philippines. Thus, Li & Fung uses information systems to manage, coordinate, and control the globally dispersed design, production, and shipping process to witness that the time between receipt of an order and delivery is minimized, as are overall costs.

Budget Cuts in Education Essay

Drastic cuts in Floridas educational system be in resulting increasing course of instruction sizes, the elimination of unison, art, and other nonappointive course classes, the significant reduction in extracurricular activities, and a diminished ability to provide incentives for teachers to continue teaching. The effect of these changes will be a long experimental condition negative impact on teachers ability to teach and decrease our students ability to learn. Budget cuts are forcing qualified teachers out of the classroom where they are most effective and causing them to pursue other careers or academic endeavors.As stated in State Impact, because of the shortage of funds of over $one hundred seventy million, Broward County alone has laid off to a greater extent than 2,400 employees and most of them cash in ones chips way been teachers (OConnor, 2011). Andy Ford, president of the Florida Education Association, the statewide teachers union, said the union is expecting about 20,000 teacher layoffs (Castro, 2011). As a result of these layoffs, and current graduating teaching students, school districts are left with a surplus of teachers. Many have the fortune to come back to work before the next school year begins but may not be at the same school or even teaching the same roll level.Because this is based on seniority, those teachers who have been laid off and unfortunately are not one of the chosen to go back to work, have been forced to go back to school to either continue to pursue their education career or pursue a completely different major. Recent layoffs have resulted in, grow classroom sizes with potenti completelyy disastrous effect on student performance. There once was a cartridge clip classrooms had a maximum of 20 students. In rough states, classroom sizes have expanded to as much as 36 students in one class.According to Science Daily, reports show that students in small classes in grades four through six consistently have better resul ts than students in large classes. Those in small classes that had better cognitive and non-cognitive skills, had better scores on standardized national tests in grades six and nine, and perceived themselves as developing more self-confidence and greater patience (Expertanswer, 2012). Budget cuts that result in inreased class sizes select to be made with these considerations in mind.Many people are not aware of the effect of music on students ability to learn and make information, yet as documented previously, music classes are one of the first programs to be cut in this environment. According to Science Daily, at that place is forthwith explicit proof of different brain development and improved memory of students who take music lessons when compared to those who do not (Press, 2006). Not only do the brains of melodicly- handy children respond to music in a different way to those of the untrained children, but also that the training improves their memory as well.After one year the musically trained children performed better in a memory test that is correlated with general intelligence skills such as literacy, verbal memory, visuospatial processing, mathematics and IQ (Press, 2006). If it costs $2. 5 million to have an art program, music program, and physical education program, one can see why school are making these cuts, however in the light of this research provided, we can see that these cuts will be coming at the expense of our students cognitive abilities.As the figures get smaller, and the expenses are getting bigger, specials and elective classes are being cut. Music and art have been eliminated in some schools. In others, it is just part time. Students are not getting the basic musical and artistic education, which were once available years ago. Teachers who used to teach elective classes are forced to teach core subjects if they still want a job. corporal education classes have also been cut in some schools or have been reduced significantly.S ome teachers work at two different schools. For example, one-third days out of the week, they may work at an elementary school and the other two days they may work at a midriff or high school. As a result to physical education being reduced or eliminated, childhood obesity may be more of a concern. Because physical activity has been extremely reduced in many households because of television, it is important that students have physical education in school. Teachers do not have many incentives to continue teaching.There is no money to purchase simple materials for the classroom. As said in Public Good, Public Cuts elementary schoolteachers have resorted to petition students to buy supplies at the beginning of the school year (Economists, 2011). A suggested list is available for the parents and these supplies are what the students will need for the duration of the school year. Many teachers die their own money to purchase supplies as well. Students in middle school and high school do fundraisers to raise money for special events at their schools.The make of these budget cuts are impacting every area of students academic experience including the frequency of the update in the school textbooks. Schools typically updated their textbooks every few years, however with these budget cuts this researcher has found that students may be using the same textbooks for 10-15 years due to the lack of funds. Although this may not be an issue with some subjects, there are subjects, such as History and Social Studies that are subjects that require updated information as years go on. If students used the same textbook for 15 years, a History book would be missing three presidents.Textbooks are an essential part of students education and if there are no funds to purchase new ones, students in the United States will be behind compare to other countries are much more advanced concerning education. dramaturgy triggers and extracurricular activities have been reduced or eliminate d. Students do not have the chance to go on all the knit stitch trips that were once upon a time offered. Field trips that are now taken tend to be at the cost of the parents. Parents have been forced to come out-of-pocket for the entire cost of field trips.Schools also sponsor fundraisers to assist these parents in paying for some of those costly trips. For example, fifth grade students who are going on their end of the year trip may sell donuts or candy boxes in efforts to raise money to pay for that trip. Some schools do not have funding to continue ad hoc sports. Fees have increased and parents are having pay out-of-pocket for students uniforms and to travel to games in order to continue these sport teams. Budget cuts are now negatively affecting the actual physical environment in which students learn.According to State Impact, future possible district budget cuts in efforts to save jobs include eliminating art, music, technology and/or reading teachers to save up to $4. 1 mi llion, eliminating middle and high school athletic programs and saving $2. 2 million, and raising thermostats one stagecoach to 78 degrees, the highest allowed by state law, saving $500,000 (OConnor, 2011). With increasing class sizes and increase in temperatures, students will now be forced to learn in cramped, potentially uncomfortable conditions that will impact negatively student learning.Given the negative impact of described these budget cuts, it would be wise to consider alternative options to report with budget shortfalls. Other options of saving money are available, such as teachers taking extended holidays without pay. School district saved millions of dollars by closing all public schools two extra days during thanksgiving break. Schools should only have been closed Wednesday through Friday but the district managed to get approval to close Monday and Tuesday as well. The economic condition has affected drastically the public schools due to the budget cuts they have face d.It has caused major setbacks because there is no money available to supply the materials these students need to learn effectively. At this rate, schools eventually will begin to shut down. Teachers have already begun to retire early because they can only foresee it getting worse. Something has got to give at this point, but it should not be at the expense of students education. If schools cannot teach students the simpler things, such as what encyclopedias are which may be an opportunity for parents to spend more bonding time with their children and take them to the library to learn new things.Sooner than later, students in Pre-kindergarten and kindergarten will be attending school for half(prenominal) a day only instead of a full day in efforts to save money. It is imperative that parents encourage educational activities at home as well as physical activities. Broward County Schools are suffering drastically. Although they seem to have it figured out, cutting art, music, physica l education, and other special programs may not be what is best for the students.

Healthcare in Netherlands vs. U.S. Essay

Completing this assignment forget require anywhere from 60-80 minutes. It will count as two response papers. This documentary is a case study in form _or_ system of government making. It helps us to learn nigh the mechanisms of making laws at the national level for high profile policies in America. In particular, this case focuses our attention on the role of powerful and wealthy interest groups in Washington, and how they fag easily influence government and sway laws to their benefit. It also helps us to lean about who has power over and in government, who is represented, who has voice, influence, and who doesnt. Please, watch Obamas Deal phosphate buffer solution Documentary Exposing Corruption and the Role of Big Money and Powerful Lobby in American Policy Making ProcessYou may start pick out the questionnaire while you ar watching the documentary. Simply copy these 14 questions into your response paper and answer them in the order of appearance. 1. What immediate problem di d the hot seat run into when initiating the health care reform? 2. Obamas administration believed that taking on a health care reform is a test of what in American political science? According to Obama, it was intended to prove what? 3. Who opposed the healthcare reform under both Clinton and Obama? Who stood to lose from the healthcare reform? 4. What did the propaganda ads funded by insurance lobby encourage to the American public about the healthcare reform? Whose interests did they keep in mind when doing that? 5. Who could get to the congressional hearings on the healthcare reform? Was there anyone representing 50 million uninsured Americans at the congressional hearings?6. While powerful insurance lobbyists initially stated that they would support the reform, what did they request in return and why? (hint they treasured whatever feature added to the bill, what is that feature?) 7. Senator Baucus received $2.5 millions from insurance interest groups to do what? Whose inte rests did he represent? 8. Who is denied a seat at the negotiation table about the healthcare? Who is removed physically by guards from the press conference in the White House? 9. When in Congress senator Baucus introduced Medicare prescription drug bill, it was a payoff to drugand pharmaceutical industries for what? Who did the bill benefit (financially)c? 10. Insurance lobbyists (Ignani being one big player) spend tens of millions of dollars to defeat the health bill through ads that created panic, scare, rumors, and etcetera why? What is at stake for insurance and pharmaceutical lobbyists if a meaningful healthcare reform took place?11. The answer to this question would require some dead reckoning on your part why do you think many Americans bought the negative campaign ads against the healthcare reform that were manufactured by the insurance lobby? Why did some ordinary Americans end up siding with greedy insurance and pharmaceutical lobbyists, even though saving money and hea lth of working Americans is the delay thing that those lobbyists cared about? 12. What does this documentary show us about the role of money and powerful interests in American politics? For whose benefits laws are made or blocked? Based on this case study, what would you say about who controls American political process? 13. What have you learned from this documentary that either reinforces or contradicts tuition from the textbook chapter 11 about interest groups? 14. Anything else you wish to state about your reaction to this case study in policy makingBackground and get along readings on healthcare policy in the U.S. Healthcare is one of the most contentious policy areas in American politics. Some of the most conspicuous issues with healthcare provision in our country are -medical bills are the leading cause of bankruptcy for middle class and low income households in America -Insurance premiums and co pays are too high and limits for patients with preexisting conditions are num erous insurance industry is fairly unregulated and has monopoly on setting the rules of the game on who and how they cover. -50 million Americans bear on uninsured, with elderly, students/young, and workers in low paid or part time jobs that offer no health insurance benefits most affected.We do non have a public health option that would offer a choice aside from private care, just like we have public training/universal education for any American who does not wish to spend tons on private education -while we have such programs as Medicare (for the elderly), Medicaid (for low income families), and emergency rooms, they do not cover all those who need medical care states became strict with qualifications for such programs, cutting funding andeliminating many Americans from qualifying. Emergency rooms, if you have been to one, do not offer quality care, preventative treatment, and many other essential services. Insurance does not cover pre-existing conditions insurance plans have li mits and co-pays that many people exactly cannot afford once faced with a serious illness. -Healthcare is too expensive and inaccessible to many-What reforms are needed to address such disparities in healthcare? And more importantly, in our political system what reforms can or cannot be made? This documentary provides one way to think through the structure of policy making process in America.Supplementary/suggested readingsStart with understanding facts, numbers, and myths about Obamas Affordable Care Act http//www.whitehouse.gov/healthreformMargaret Flowers Obamacare did not go far enough, we hush up need universal health coverage for Americans http//www.thenation.com/video/168604/margaret-flowers-obamacare-doesnt-go-far-enough Number of uninsured Americans rises to 50.7 millionhttp//usatoday30.usatoday.com/ give-and-take/nation/2010-09-17-uninsured17_st_n.htm Census data on health coverage in Americahttp//www.census.gov/hhes/www/hlthins/data/incpovhlth/2010/highlights.html Repu blicans who benefit from Obamas healthcare bill are torn about the candidates http//www.cnn.com/2012/10/06/health/republicans-conflicted-obamacare/ Listing some benefits for women under Obamas healthcare bill, particular for potential cancer patients http//www.democraticunderground.com/10021447151Three myths about Obamas Affordable Care Acthttp//www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=Noq_tktemE0 Republican presidential candidate Romney on healthcarehttp//www.nytimes.com/2012/10/05/opinion/krugman-romneys-sick-joke.html?smid=fb-share&_r=0 Public opinion about Obamas healthcare bill healthcare iscomplex in terms of public opinionwhile a majority favored its repeal, large majorities actually favored each construction of the law. Moreover, with the Supreme Courts upholding the law, this seems to have made it more popular (but made the Court less so)http//themonkeycage.org/blog/2012/10/03/the-effect-of-the-courts-ruling-in-the-aca/http//themonkeycage.org/blog/2012/06/27/framing -and-health-care-reform/http//www.politico.com/news/stories/0811/62242.htmlPaul Ryans (runs as vice-president on the Republican ticket in 2012 election) plans to undercut social security and Medicare infuriate the elderly, he dismisses concerns with contempt and removal of a senior citizens from the hall http//www.upworthy.com/paul-ryans-medicare-plan-will-hurt-old-people-paul-ryans-security-guys-have-hurt?g=2 Healthcare debate in cross-cultural perspective Canada vs. U.S. http//www.diemer.ca/Docs/Diemer-TenHealthCareMyths.htmHealthcare in Netherlands vs. U.S.http//www.nytimes.com/2009/05/03/magazine/03european-t.html?pagewanted=all

Ray Bradbury Essay

In the novel, the main character is named Guy Montage He is a firefighter in a dyspepsia, except the firefighters fight not against fires yet be in an ongoing war against literature. His wife is named Mildred Montage she is about of robot, all she ever does is stay at home and talk to her family which is just programs on the television. Mildred is unaware that she is depressed because she has no flavor to her life, she thinks in her mind she is refectory suffice with her seashell head earpieces and her parlor walls.Could a person be happy staying inside all day with just a television? Maybe if you figured the televisions were your family yet how could you loaf someone to believe that there family is nothing more than binary code. In todays day and age we rely on that intrinsic reflex of automatically checking our phone after that subtle ring. If thats all that our mind is worried about maybe we are heading to a sociopath society. In the novel Mildred attempted to displume suicid e, yet was caught just in the nick of time by Montage.When the ambulance rolled up a few engineers and large contraption and basically pumped her run and she was good as new. The government is sending out engineers instead of medical professionals because people are overdosing every day. Just like Mildred everyone is brainwashed into thinking they are content with how they live every day, just sitting in front of the parlor walls or listening to the news.

Racial Inequality Can Be Resolved Using No Violence

Looking at society is it easy to identify many global issues travel the world in our present day. These issues extend from sexual and racial differences to religious affairs to, finally, larger conflicts such as proceeding wars. The aim of this project is to centralize on one global issue that in some way directly influences me and has a somewhat negative impact. Once identifying the issue and analyzing it I am to research on both identities that ca-ca, in the past, been faced with the same issue and move to solve it.I am to analyze their methods concluding weather theyve been self-made or non. Taking many affairs into consideration I have concluded to one problem that is most closely linked to my eitherday intent and me. This problem is racial discrimination. It does not affect me directly as I have never lived in a society where my race was discriminated against provided I have lived among a diversity of races and have seen the impact it has on my closer friends.Having ch osen the topic I wish to explore I have thusly formulate my problem into a skepticism which states How can racial comp are be increased using non-violent methods? I have chosen to formulate my question like this because I cannot say that I live in an surround that fully discriminates and degrades racial differences however I can say that it is not an environment and society that is completely oblivious to racial differences as in an ideal situation it should be.I have chosen to explore this problem as I grew up in a multi-racial society where racial discrimination was never a factor as race was completely neglected and everyone seemed to be equal. miserable to my current society I have found that it is not the case and the racial majority here seems to be the white and has very limited views on other races. I found that this could be due to the lack of interaction with other races and find it disturbing as I expected people to be more open minded and less primitive on the situa tion.As I go to an international school Id expect the racial tolerance to be higher than amongst people who do not however I was surprised to see racial injustice amongst some of my classmates. I have chosen this problem as even though I am among the majority, according to my race, I am s work on affected by how the minority is mistreated. seeing as this is also a global problem I have chosen two personalities who have in the past been faced with this problem and attempted in solving it.My first identity is Martin Luther King Jr. as he fought for the courtly rights of African Americans using non-violent methods. And my second identity is Nelson Mandela as he fought against the Apartheid in Africa, persisting nonviolent methods to their full extent. I chose Martin Luther King Jr. as one of my personalities as he fought for racial equality for African Americans in the United States, using nonviolent methods, and Mahatma Ghandi as an influence.He fought through campaigns and in organ izations, using strictly no violence, in attempt to arrive at his goal, well-behaved rights for African Americans, first in the United States then globally. Nelson Mandela is my second choice, as he fought for his goal over many decades, not necessarily with protrude violence, however with determination to achieve it no matter if it began to seem impossible. Both personalities have had a great impact in the world and have become iconic figures of what they fought for, this is the major intellect I chose them and not anyone else.They have gained a title with their name and this is what makes them significant and relevant to this problem. Analysis Martin Luther King Jr. was born on January 15th 1929 and lived work April 4th 1968, dying at an early age of 39. He was an activist fighting for civil rights of African Americans living in the US at that time. In 1955 he led the Montgomery Bus Boycott, which was a political and social protest campaign whose aim was to oppose the Montgome ry city policy of segregating the racially different in public transportation.Two years later, in 1957, he assisted the foundation of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, of which he became the death chair. The SCLC is a civil rights organization, which was a huge part of the Civil Rights Movement at that time fighting for the civil rights of African Americans. In 1963 a political rally was held in support of the economical and civil rights of African Americans, it was called the March on Washington, in which Martin Luther King held his I Have A Dream speech outlining racial equality and proposing an end to discrimination.King also tried to expand American values ad include the vision of a colour-blind society, which according to his terms was a society oblivious to skin colour and race creating equality for everyone. Subsequently to the speech in 1964 Martin Luther King Jr. became the youngest person to receive the Nobel Piece damage for his engagement in the end to raci al segregation and discrimination through civil disobedience and in a peaceful manner. After this he resumed his contributions to economic aid end poverty and stop the then occurring Vietnam War.Martin Luther King Jr. was assassinated on April 4th 1968 the third Monday of each January is celebrated as a U. S. federal holiday since 1986. Nelson Mandela is a South African born on July 18th 1918. In 1942 he qualified in law from the University of Witwatersrand and joined the African national Congress only two years later. The National Party supported the apartheid policy of racial segregation and won the 1948 election becoming the ruling society in South Africa. After this time Mandela became more active in participating in politics.In 1952 the ANC organizes the Defiance Campaign, which promoted equality amongst South Africans providing full civil rights. This he followed with the Congress of the People in 1955. This also outlined the importance of equality among South African Peo ple provided the basis of the anti-apartheid cause. Simultaneously Mandela and Oliver Tambo (1) commenced and operated a law firm providing free or low-cost legal counsel to many blacks who lacked any professional representation. Like Martin Luther King Jr. Mandela was influenced by Mahatma Gandhis teachings of non-violent resistance, as were the following generations of South African anti-apartheid activists. In 1956 Mandela was arrested for treason and was on trail until 1961 when he was finally freed from criminal charge. In 1960 Mandela argued for the setting up of a military machine wing within the African National Congress, which in June 1961 was finally agreed to. This is how the Umkhonto we Sizwe was formed. This was nothing more than an armed wing of the ANC, which fought against the apartheid administration.In 1962 Mandela was once again arrested however this time sentenced to five years imprisonment only to be tried with plotting to overthrow the government by violence the following year. With this he was sentenced to lifetime imprisonment. From 1964 till 1982 Mandela was imprisoned at Robben Island Prison, just off the coast of Cape Town. Even during his imprisonment Mandelas reputation grew as the most significant black loss leader in South Africa and as the symbol of resistance the anti-apartheid movement gathered strength.His refusal to compromise his political position over his freedom was constant from which his popularity grew even more vastly. On February 11th 1990 Mandela was released after which he immediately returned to his lifes goals that he had set four decades earlier. He served as the South African president from 1994 till 1999. Conclusion It is evident to conclude that in his short lifetime and even shorter time of being active Martin Luther King Jr. accomplished a lot as he had aimed to. It is unfortunate that his death came so soon as he might have been able to proceed with more changes in the world.Mandela also spent a lot of his life fighting for what he believed in, granted not always peacefully, and however unlike King Mandela did spend 27 years in prison, coming out with even more will power and reason to pursue his goals. Both men deserve the recognition they gained and are good role models and identities for this project. It is evident that King fully succeeded in using non violent methods to pursue his goal however the two identities were placed in two different positions, one with more freedom one with less, to fight for the same goal.Yet looking back at the times it is evident that the situation for Mandela seemed to be a lot harder hence resulting in him using violence to a certain extent. Solution Campaign methods have proven to be the most wide used in the past and somehow the most successful however the key to their success is the involvement of the government in the issuing of new policies. In our biotic community there an interracial relationship is not banned neither is the use of any p ublic or private factors between the races.Each and every race is regarded as an equal and there is no policy saying otherwise. Yet the factor of racial discrimination is still present, this is not as ingrained as it used to be and was presented in Mandela and Kings case however the racial preconceived notion stands between the actual members of the community. This prejudice most usually consists of verbal accusations with some violent occurrences however no major events have been marked. Therefore enforcing a campaign to acquire new laws and policies would be pointless, as this would not change anything.This racial prejudice is mostly expressed in schools amongst younger generations and therefore this is where it should be suppressed. As my solution against this problem I would enrol punishments to students who racially discriminate against others. I would enforce the punishment not to be too mild as this will lead to no future change. In my survey is a child is racially violate d in a classroom or in the presence of a teacher they should be sent out preceding a warning. If this behaviour is repeated the students inflicting the crime parents should be called in for consultation.This may seem harsh however racial prejudice has a great impact on one person and completely banishing it should be practiced. On a wider scale to encourage the presence of other races the government should enforce the translation of crucial signs and notices as for the foreigners to understand. On a larger scale not much can be done to punish a verbal offender however violence for racial discrimination should be punished. As I mentioned before this issue is not so serious amongst my community outside school and only action to encourage an interracial community can be encouraged.

A Game of Thrones Chapter Seventy-one

CatelynIt unwrapmed a thousand years ago that Catelyn Stark had carried her infant son come forward of Riverrun, ford the Tumblestone in a sm incessantlyy last(predicate) boat to begin their journey north to Winterfell. And it was across the Tumblestone that they came home now, though the boy wore plate and mail in gift of swaddling clothes.Robb sit down in the bow with Grey Wind, his hand resting on his dire masher s head as the rowers pulled at their oars. Theon Greyjoy was with him. Her uncle Brynden would come nates in the second boat, with the Greatjon and shaper Karstark.Catelyn took a place toward the stern. They shot down the Tumblestone, letting the strong current push them past the looming WheelTower. The splash and rumble of the great pisswheel within was a sound from her girlhood that brought a sad smile to Catelyns face. From the sandstone walls of the castle, soldiers and servants sh bring outed down her name, and Robbs, and Winterfell From every rampart waved the banner of House Tully a leaping trout, silver, against a ripple blue-and-red field. It was a stirring sight, yet it did non lift her heart. She wondered if indeed her heart would ever lift again. Oh, Ned . . .Below the WheelTower, they made a wide turn and knifed through and through the churning wet. The men put their backs into it. The wide arch of the Water Gate came into view, and she heard the creak of heavy chains as the great iron portcullis was raiseched upward. It up compound slowly as they approached, and Catelyn saw that the lower half of it was red with rust. The bottom foot dripped brown mud on them as they passed underneath, the barbed spikes mere inches preceding(prenominal) their heads. Catelyn gazed up at the bars and wondered how deep the rust went and how well the portcullis would stand up to a ram and whether it ought to be replaced. Thoughts homogeneous that were seldom far from her chief these days.They passed down the stairs the arch and under the w alls, touching from sunlight to shadow and back into sunlight. Boats large and small were tied up all around them, secured to iron ring set in the stone. Her fusss guards waited on the piddle stair with her buddy. Ser Edmure Tully was a stocky young piece with a shaggy head of auburn fuzz and a fiery beard. His breastplate was scratched and dented from battle, his blue-and-red cloak stained by blood and smoke. At his side stood the professional Tytos Blackwood, a hard pike of a man with close-cropped salt-and-pepper whiskers and a hook nose. His bright yellow armor was inlaid with jet in elaborate vine-and-leaf patterns, and a cloak sewn from raven feathers draped his thin shoulders. It had been overlord Tytos who led the sortie that plucked her brother from the Lannister camp.Bring them in, Ser Edmure commanded. Three men scrambled down the stairs knee joint-deep in the water and pulled the boat close with grand hooks. When Grey Wind bounded out, one of them dropped his pole and lurched back, stumbling and sitting down abruptly in the river. The others laughed, and the man got a shamefaced look on his face. Theon Greyjoy vaulted over the side of the boat and lifted Catelyn by the waist, setting her on a dry step above him as water lapped around his boots.Edmure came down the steps to embrace her. Sweet sister, he murmured hoarsely. He had deep blue eyes and a mouth made for smiles, moreover he was not smiling now. He looked worn and tired, battered by battle and haggard from strain. His neck was bandaged w here(predicate) he had taken a wound. Catelyn hugged him fiercely.Your tribulation is mine, Cat, he state when they broke apart. When we heard about Lord Eddard . . . the Lannisters will pay, I swear it, you will conduct your vengeance.Will that bring Ned back to me? she state sharply. The wound was still too fresh for softer words. She could not think about Ned now. She would not. It would not do. She had to be strong. All that will keep. I mustiness substantiate Father.He awaits you in his solar, Edmure said.Lord Hoster is bedridden, my lady, her military chaplains steward explained. When had that good man grown so old and greyish? He instructed me to bring you to him at once.Ill take her. Edmure escorted her up the water stair and across the lower bailey, where Petyr Baelish and Brandon Stark had once crossed swords for her favor. The massive sandstone walls of the keep loomed above them. As they pushed through a door between devil guardsmen in fish-crest helms, she asked, How bad is he? dreading the answer even as she said the words.Edmures look was somber. He will not be with us long, the maesters say. The pain is . . . constant, and grievous.A blind rage filled her, a rage at all the world at her brother Edmure and her sister Lysa, at the Lannisters, at the maesters, at Ned and her father and the monstrous gods who would take them both away from her. You should have told me, she said. You should have sent wo rd as soon as you knew.He forbade it. He did not pauperism his enemies to know that he was dying. With the realm so troubled, he fe atomic number 18d that if the Lannisters suspected how frail he was . . . . . . they capability attack? Catelyn finished, hard. It was your doing, yours, a interpretive program whispered inside her. If you had not taken it upon yourself to seize the dwarf . . .They climbed the spiral stair in silence.The keep was trinity-sided, like Riverrun itself, and Lord Hosters solar was triangular as well, with a stone balcony that jutted out to the east like the prow of most great sandstone ship. From there the lord of the castle could look down on his walls and battlements, and beyond, to where the waters met. They had go her fathers bed out onto the balcony. He likes to sit in the sun and watch the rivers, Edmure explained. Father, date who Ive brought. Cat has come to see you . . . Hoster Tully had always been a big man tall and great in his youth, por tly as he grew older. Now he seemed shrunken, the muscle and meat melted off his bones. Even his face sagged. The last time Catelyn had seen him, his hair and beard had been brown, well streaked with grey. Now they had gone white as snow.His eyes opened to the sound of Edmures voice. Little cat, he murmured in a voice thin and wispy and wracked by pain. My little cat. A tremulous smile touched his face as his hand groped for hers. I watched for you . . . I shall leave you to talk, her brother said, kissing their lord father gently on the brow before he withdrew.Catelyn knelt and took her fathers hand in hers. It was a big hand, scarcely fleshless now, the bones moving loosely under the skin, all the strength gone from it. You should have told me, she said. A rider, a raven . . . Riders are taken, questioned, he answered. Ravens are brought down . . . A cramp of pain took him, and his fingers clutched hers hard. The crabs are in my belly . . . pinching, always pinching. Day and ni ght. They have fierce claws, the crabs. Maester Vyman stumbles me dreamwine, milk of the poppy . . . I sleep a lot . . . plainly I wanted to be awake to see you, when you came. I was afraid . . . when the Lannisters took your brother, the camps all around us . . . was afraid I would go, before I could see you again . . . I was afraid . . . Im here, Father, she said. With Robb, my son. Hell want to see you too.Your boy, he whispered. He had my eyes, I remember . . . He did, and does. And weve brought you Jaime Lannister, in irons. Riverrun is free again, Father.Lord Hoster smiled. I saw. in the terminate night, when it began, I told them . . . had to see. They carried me to the gatehouse . . . watched from the battlements. Ah, that was beautiful . . . the torches came in a wave, I could hear the cries floating across the river . . . sweet cries . . . when that siege tower went up, gods . . . would have died then, and glad, if only I could have seen you children first. Was it your boy who did it? Was it your Robb?Yes, Catelyn said, fiercely proud. It was Robb . . . and Brynden. Your brother is here as well, my lord.Him. Her fathers voice was a faint whisper. The Blackfish . . . came back? From the Vale?Yes.And Lysa? A cool wind moved through his thin white hair. Gods be good, your sister . . . did she come as well?He sounded so full of hope and yearning that it was hard to declare the truth. No. Im sorry . . . Oh. His face fell, and some light went out of his eyes. Id hoped I would have want to see her, before . . . Shes with her son, in the Eyrie.Lord Hoster gave a scare nod. Lord Robert now, poor Arryns gone . . . I remember . . . why did she not come with you?She is frightened, my lord. In the Eyrie she feels safe. She kissed his wrinkled brow. Robb will be waiting. Will you see him? And Brynden?Your son, he whispered. Yes. Cats child . . . he had my eyes, I remember. When he was born. Bring him . . . yes.And your brother?Her father glanced out over th e rivers. Blackfish, he said. Has he wed yet? taken some . . . girl to wife?Even on his deathbed, Catelyn thought sadly. He has not wed. You know that, Father. Nor will he ever.I told him . . . commanded him. Marry I was his lord. He knows. My right, to obtain his match. A good match. A Redwyne. Old House. Sweet girl, pretty . . . freckles . . . Bethany, yes. Poor child. Still waiting. Yes. Still . . . Bethany Redwyne wed Lord Rowan years ago, Catelyn reminded him. She has three children by him.Even so, Lord Hoster muttered. Even so. Spit on the girl. The Redwynes. Spit on me. His lord, his brother . . . that Blackfish. I had other offers. Lord Brackens girl. Walder Frey . . . any of three, he said . . . Has he wed? Anyone? Anyone?No one, Catelyn said, yet he has come many leagues to see you, fighting his way back to Riverrun. I would not be here now, if Ser Brynden had not helped us.He was ever a warrior, her father husked. That he could do. Knight of the Gate, yes. He leaned bac k and closed his eyes, inutterably weary. move him. Later. Ill sleep now. Too sick to fight. Send him up later, the Blackfish . . . Catelyn kissed him gently, smoothed his hair, and left him there in the shade of his keep, with his rivers flowing beneath. He was drowsy before she left the solar.When she returned to the lower bailey, Ser Brynden Tully stood on the water stairs with wet boots, talking with the captain of Riverruns guards. He came to her at once. Is heDying, she said. As we feared.Her uncles craggy face showed his pain plain. He ran his fingers through his thick grey hair. Will he see me?She nodded. He says he is too sick to fight.Brynden Blackfish chuckled. I am too old a soldier to commit that. Hoster will be chiding me about the Redwyne girl even as we light his funeral pyre, damn his bones. Catelyn smiled, knowing it was true. I do not see Robb.He went with Greyjoy to the hall, I believe.Theon Greyjoy was seated on a bench in Riverruns Great Hall, enjoying a hor n of ale and regaling her fathers garrison with an account of the slaughter in the Whispering Wood. slightly tried to flee, but wed pinched the valley shut at both ends, and we rode out of the darkness with sword and lance. The Lannisters must have thought the Others themselves were on them when that wolf of Robbs got in among them. I saw him tear one mans arm from his shoulder, and their horses went mad at the scent of him. I couldnt tell you how many men were thrownTheon, she interrupted, where might I find my son?Lord Robb went to visit the godswood, my lady.It was what Ned would have done. He is his fathers son as much as mine, I must remember. Oh, gods, Ned . . .She found Robb beneath the green canopy of leaves, surrounded by tall redwoods and great old elms, kneeling before the heart tree, a slender weirwood with a face more sad than fierce. His longsword was before him, the point thrust in the earth, his gloved hands clasped around the hilt. Around him others knelt Greatjon Umber, Rickard Karstark, Maege Mormont, Galbart Glover, and more. Even Tytos Blackwood was among them, the great raven cloak fan out behind him. These are the ones who keep the old gods, she realized. She asked herself what gods she kept these days, and could not find an answer.It would not do to disturb them at their prayers. The gods must have their ascribable . . . even cruel gods who would take Ned from her, and her lord father as well. So Catelyn waited. The river wind moved through the high branches, and she could see the Wheel Tower to her right, ivy crawling up its side. As she stood there, all the memories came flooding back to her. Her father had taught her to ride amongst these trees, and that was the elm that Edmure had fallen from when he broke his arm, and over there, beneath that bower, she and Lysa had play at kissing with Petyr.She had not thought of that in years. How young they all had beenshe no older than Sansa, Lysa younger than Arya, and Petyr younger still, yet eager. The girls had traded him between them, serious and giggling by turns. It came back to her so vividly she could almost feel his sweaty fingers on her shoulders and taste the mint on his breath. There was always mint growing in the godswood, and Petyr had liked to chew it. He had been such a bold little boy, always in trouble. He tried to put his tongue in my mouth, Catelyn had confessed to her sister afterward, when they were alone. He did with me too, Lysa had whispered, shy and breathless. I liked it.Robb got to his feet slowly and sheathed his sword, and Catelyn found herself wondering whether her son had ever kissed a girl in the godswood. Surely he must have. She had seen Jeyne Poole giving him moist-eyed glances, and some of the serving girls, even ones as old as eighteen . . . he had ridden in battle and killed men with a sword, surely he had been kissed. There were tears in her eyes. She wiped them away angrily.Mother, Robb said when he saw her standing there. We must call a council. There are things to be decided.Your gramps would like to see you, she said. Robb, hes very sick.Ser Edmure told me. I am sorry, Mother . . . for Lord Hoster and for you. still first we must meet. Weve had word from the south. Renly Baratheon has claimed his brothers crown.Renly? she said, shocked. I had thought, surely it would be Lord Stannis . . . So did we all, my lady, Galbart Glover said.The war council convened in the Great Hall, at four long trestle tables arranged in a broken square. Lord Hoster was too weak to attend, asleep on his balcony, dreaming of the sun on the rivers of his youth. Edmure sat in the high seat of the Tullys, with Brynden Blackfish at his side, and his fathers bannermen arrayed to right and left and along the side tables. Word of the victory at Riverrun had spread to the fugitive lords of the Trident, drawing them back. Karyl Vance came in, a lord now, his father dead beneath the Golden Tooth. Ser Marq Piper was with him, and they brought a Darry, Ser Raymuns son, a lad no older than Bran. Lord Jonos Bracken arrived from the ruins of Stone Hedge, glowering and blustering, and took a seat as far from Tytos Blackwood as the tables would permit.The northern lords sat opposite, with Catelyn and Robb facing her brother across the tables. They were fewer. The Greatjon sat at Robbs left hand, and then Theon Greyjoy Galbart Glover and Lady Mormont were to the right of Catelyn. Lord Rickard Karstark, gaunt and hollow-eyed in his sorrow, took his seat like a man in a nightmare, his long beard uncombed and unwashed. He had left two sons dead in the Whispering Wood, and there was no word of the third, his eldest, who had led the Karstark spears against Tywin Lannister on the Green Fork.The arguing raged on late into the night. Each lord had a right to speak, and speak they did . . . and shout, and curse, and reason, and cajole, and jest, and bargain, and slam tankards on the table, and threaten, and go out, and return sullen or smiling. Catelyn sat and listened to it all.Roose Bolton had re-formed the battered remnants of their other host at the mouth of the causeway. Ser Helman Tallhart and Walder Frey still held the Twins. Lord Tywins army had crossed the Trident, and was qualification for Harrenhal. And there were two kings in the realm. Two kings, and no agreement.Many of the lords bannermen wanted to march on Harrenhal at once, to meet Lord Tywin and end Lannister power for all time. Young, hot-tempered Marq Piper urged a strike west at Casterly Rock instead. Still others counseled patience. Riverrun sat athwart the Lannister supply lines, Jason Mallister pointed out let them bide their time, denying Lord Tywin fresh levies and provisions while they strengthened their defenses and rested their weary troops. Lord Blackwood would have none of it. They should finish the work they began in the Whispering Wood. skirt to Harrenhal and bring Roose Boltons army down as well. What Blackwood urged, Bracken opposed, as ever Lord Jonos Bracken rose to insist they ought pledge their fealty to male monarch Renly, and move south to join their might to his.Renly is not the king, Robb said. It was the first time her son had spoken. Like his father, he knew how to listen.You cannot mean to hold to Joffrey, my lord, Galbart Glover said. He put your father to death.That makes him evil, Robb replied. I do not know that it makes Renly king. Joffrey is still Roberts eldest trueborn son, so the throne is rightfully his by all the laws of the realm. Were he to die, and I mean to see that he does, he has a younger brother. Tommen is next in line after Joffrey.Tommen is no less a Lannister, Ser Marq Piper snapped.As you say, said Robb, troubled. Yet if neither one is king, still, how could it be Lord Renly? Hes Roberts younger brother. Bran cant be Lord of Winterfell before me, and Renly cant be king before Lord Stannis.Lady Mormont agreed. Lord Stannis has the bankrupt claim.Renly is crown ed, said Marq Piper. Highgarden and Storms End support his claim, and the Dornishmen will not be laggardly. If Winterfell and Riverrun add their strength to his, he will have five of the seven great houses behind him. Six, if the Arryns bestir themselves Six against the Rock My lords, within the year, we will have all their heads on pikes, the queen and the boy king, Lord Tywin, the Imp, the faggotslayer, Ser Kevan, all of them That is what we shall win if we join with business leader Renly. What does Lord Stannis have against that, that we should cast it all aside?The right, said Robb stubbornly. Catelyn thought he sounded eerily like his father as he said it.So you mean us to declare for Stannis? asked Edmure.I dont know, said Robb. I prayed to know what to do, but the gods did not answer. The Lannisters killed my father for a traitor, and we know that was a lie, but if Joffrey is the observant king and we fight against him, we will be traitors.My lord father would urge caution , aged Ser Stevron said, with the weaselly smile of a Frey. Wait, let these two kings play their game of thrones. When they are done fighting, we can bend our knees to the victor, or oppose him, as we choose. With Renly arming, likely Lord Tywin would welcome a truce . . . and the safe return of his son. Noble lords, exit me to go to him at Harrenhal and arrange good terms and ransoms . . . A roar of outrage drowned out his voice. Craven the Greatjon thundered. Begging for a truce will make us seem weak, declared Lady Mormont. Ransoms be damned, we must not give up the Kingslayer, shouted Rickard Karstark.Why not a peace? Catelyn asked.The lords looked at her, but it was Robbs eyes she felt, his and his alone. My lady, they murdered my lord father, your husband, he said grimly. He unsheathed his longsword and laid it on the table before him, the bright steel on the rough wood. This is the only peace I have for Lannisters.The Greatjon bellowed his approval, and other men added their voices, shouting and drawing swords and pounding their fists on the table. Catelyn waited until they had quieted. My lords, she said then, Lord Eddard was your liege, but I shared his bed and bore his children. Do you think I love him any less than you? Her voice almost broke with her grief, but Catelyn took a long breath and steadied herself. Robb, if that sword could bring him back, I should never let you sheathe it until Ned stood at my side once more . . . but he is gone, and blow Whispering Woods will not change that. Ned is gone, and Daryn Hornwood, and Lord Karstarks valiant sons, and many other good men besides, and none of them will return to us. mustiness we have more deaths still?You are a woman, my lady, the Greatjon rumbled in his deep voice. Women do not understand these things.You are the gentle sex, said Lord Karstark, with the lines of grief fresh on his face. A man has a need for vengeance.Give me Cersei Lannister, Lord Karstark, and you would see how gentle a w oman can be, Catelyn replied. Perhaps I do not understand tactics and strategy . . . but I understand futility. We went to war when Lannister armies were ravaging the riverlands, and Ned was a prisoner, falsely accused of treason. We fought to defend ourselves, and to win my lords freedom.Well, the one is done, and the other forever beyond our reach. I will mourn for Ned until the end of my days, but I must think of the living. I want my daughters back, and the queen holds them still. If I must trade our four Lannisters for their two Starks, I will call that a bargain and thank the gods. I want you safe, Robb, ruling at Winterfell from your fathers seat. I want you to live your life, to kiss a girl and wed a woman and father a son. I want to write an end to this. I want to go home, my lords, and weep for my husband.The hall was very quiet when Catelyn finished speaking.Peace, said her uncle Brynden. Peace is sweet, my lady . . . but on what terms? It is no good hammering your sword into a plowshare if you must forge it again on the morrow.What did Torrhen and my Eddard die for, if I am to return to Karhold with nothing but their bones? asked Rickard Karstark.Aye, said Lord Bracken. Gregor Clegane laid waste to my fields, slaughtered my smallfolk, and left Stone Hedge a smoking ruin. Am I now to bend the knee to the ones who sent him? What have we fought for, if we are to put all back as it was before?Lord Blackwood agreed, to Catelyns surprise and dismay. And if we do make peace with King Joffrey, are we not then traitors to King Renly? What if the stag should prevail against the lion, where would that leave us?Whatever you may decide for yourselves, I shall never call a Lannister my king, declared Marq Piper.Nor I yelled the little Darry boy. I never willAgain the shouting began. Catelyn sat despairing. She had come so close, she thought. They had almost listened, almost . . . but the moment was gone. There would be no peace, no chance to heal, no safety. She looked at her son, watched him as he listened to the lords debate, frowning, troubled, yet wedded to his war. He had pledged himself to tie a daughter of Walder Frey, but she saw his true bride plain before her now the sword he had laid on the table.Catelyn was thinking of her girls, wondering if she would ever see them again, when the Greatjon lurched to his feet.MY LORDS he shouted, his voice booming off the rafters. Here is what I say to these two kings He spat. Renly Baratheon is nothing to me, nor Stannis neither. Why should they rule over me and mine, from some flowery seat in Highgarden or Dorne? What do they know of the Wall or the wolfswood or the barrows of the First Men? Even their gods are wrong. The Others take the Lannisters too, Ive had a bellyful of them. He reached back over his shoulder and drew his immense two-handed greatsword. Why shouldnt we rule ourselves again? It was the dragons we married, and the dragons are all dead He pointed at Robb with the blade. T here sits the only king I mean to bow my knee to, mlords, he thundered. The King in the NorthAnd he knelt, and laid his sword at her sons feet.Ill have peace on those terms, Lord Karstark said. They can keep their red castle and their iron chair as well. He eased his longsword from its scabbard. The King in the North he said, kneeling beside the Greatjon.Maege Mormont stood. The King of Winter she declared, and laid her spiked mace beside the swords. And the river lords were rising too, Blackwood and Bracken and Mallister, houses who had never been ruled from Winterfell, yet Catelyn watched them rise and draw their blades, bending their knees and shouting the old words that had not been heard in the realm for more than three hundred years, since Aegon the Dragon had come to make the Seven Kingdoms one . . . yet now were heard again, ringing from the timbers of her fathers hallThe King in the NorthThe King in the NorthTHE KING IN THE NORTH

Responsive writing: “A Lesson Before Dying”

The movie A Lesson Before Dying, a prize winning novel by Ernest Gaines, is a taradiddle about racial injustice against Afri washbowl-Americans. Set in the south, in the late 1940s, this story is another example of how oppression against a race of sight leads to psychological defects, inferiority complexes, and feelings of self degradation.Jefferson, vie by Mekhi Phifer, finds himself the witness of a murderous crime between the owner of a liquor store and two threatening men. Hearing the shots, local residents enter the store while Jefferson is stealing money from the register. Hes assumed to be the shooter and is apprehended and put on trial by a racist society of white people. His own lawyer tells the jury that Jefferson didnt have enough sense to know better, and that executing him would be the same as killing a hog. Nevertheless, Jefferson is sentenced to be executed. Miss Emma, Jeffersons mother, is angry by the lawyers comments. She contacts a African-American teacher har monise Wiggins, to go to the jail cell and convince Jefferson that he isnt a dumb hog, but that hes a man. Reluctantly, Grant visits Jefferson daily, and the two men build a bond and new sense of self identity.Reverend Ambrose, played by Brent Jennings wants Jefferson to trust in Jesus, but hes unable to get through to him, so he asks Grant Wiggins to speak to Jefferson. Grant is already struggle with his own belief in God. Whether its Miss Emma, Jeffersons aunt, or Reverend Ambrose, Grant resists everyones attempt to remind him of Jesus. Ultimately, Grant and Jefferson find some understanding about worship within themselves. Jefferson prepares himself to die with a new sense of dignity.One of the most heart felt scenes is when the school children take a trip to the jail to articulate goodbye to Jefferson. Each child gives Jefferson a gift as they say goodbye to him. With tears in his eyes, and a new sense of appreciation for the people that care about him, Jefferson says thank y ou.In addition, Lisa Arrindell Anderson playing the part of Vivian Baptiste, delivers a magnificent performance. Lighting up the screen with her beauty, and strong conviction, she becomes the support mechanism for Grant Wiggins. Grant is in love with Vivian and intends to marry her, therefore, he confides in her about his struggles with Jefferson, as well as, the pressure everyone is putting on him. As a result, they inflect their relationship with each other, and find new direction in their lives.In the end, this story reminds us that despite the insurmountable odds that we face in life, we can overcome self degradation due to the oppression of others, with self dignity, spirituality, and an appreciation for the people who love us.

Conflict between Trade Unions and Management Essay

consort to shed, a manager should have an alternative frame of reference that allow for booster in analysing employee relations. M either managers practice session phantasmagorical frames of reference that end up distorting the existing facts thus making solutions very elusive. Fox except explains that at that place is the charter to develop an efficient and effective frame of reference that screwing view industrial relation contests in a realistic manner offering proper solutions (1966. Pp. 34).Fox is against some unrealistic ideologies that argon used by managers to serve their interests forgetting the needs of employees. accord to him constituteplace ideologies cannot and go out never figure out conflicts at the feed place. Ideologies should be in a position to persuade, self reassure and legitimise work-related offsprings. It is fleet that Fox was against the Unitarists view and was in support of Pluralism. According to Fox, the ideology that defines Unitarism i s being aban maked because of its incongruent character of reality (1966, pp.38).Unitarism and PluralismUnitarismAccording to Fox, there exist two frames of reference, namely Unitarists and pluralist perspectives. Unitarism view conflict as very supernatural and something out of the ordinary, hence its abnormal nature. The Unitarists, as a result, try to eliminate conflicts that exist in the workplace. Unitarists see clashes in the workplace a machinate receivable to wretched management and lack of proper communicating. Managers with poor communication and administration skills are to blame for any conflicts that result from the workplace. However, another(prenominal) conflicts whitethorn in like manner be as a result of few employees that want to start trouble and chaos at the workplace (1966, p. 17).According to Fox, the main elements of Unitarism include a single authority in a social club that has no opposer at all (1966, p.7). In addition, they agree that the organizati onal managers intention is to encourage employees to remain loyal and connected to the Organization (Budd et al., 2004, pp. 36). Lastly according to Collins et al. (2005, pp. 23), Unitarists believe that organizations mainly race as teams and, as a result, they have mutual goals to achieve. It means that they have no conflicts of interest among them including between managers and employees.Unitarism support the joining of detainment between the managers and employees to achieve shared goals, values, vision and interests as the managers lead by example finished brisk leadership to help in attaining set goals. They believe that conflicts in an brass section negatively affect its operations leading to disloyalty leading to the impairment of many an(prenominal) Companies. They believe that the G overnment is autonomous and should shape the systems in industrial relations.PluralismAccording to Collins et al. (2005, pp.987), Pluralists suggests that an organisation has many stakeho lders involved in decision-making and pushing their interests. appointments, in such environments is shopworn and cannot be keep offed thus the need for managers to get across it in an amic satisfactory manner. Pluralists support incarnate bargaining. According to Fox (1992, p 9), conduct unions do not introduce conflicts in organizations but the conflicts are endemic. If conflicts are handled well, twain stakeholders exit benefit, and collective bargaining is the path to take. Managers can even become creative in containing conflicts by reaching best agreements and creating very efficient methods of addressing the issues.Conflict in the labour marketConflict is specify as a discontent that comes from a perceived collision of individuals or groups interests and desires, when everyone takes a different font or opinion. Conflicts in the labour market are unavoidable, but if well managed by the involved stakeholders, it can lead to improved performance. industrial conflict of ten occurs when the workers are expressing their frustrations with their leaders in management over the way current affairs are being run in the organization. The main causes of conflicts include disagreeing on salary payment, wage increment and remunerations as stated in the employment contracts.Forms of conflictEmployees may require to express their dissatisf exercise either in a formal or informal manner depending on the issue being raised. Formal methods of expressing dissatisf consummation are well planned and organised in advance while daily ones occur spontaneously and have no organisation taking the managers by surprise.Types of organised/ Formal conflictsStrikesAccording to Collins et al. (2005, pp.117), a strike occurs when an employee temporarily withdraws his/her services, an action that is against the employment contract. Strikes are formal industrial conflicts that are organised by respective trade unions that represent workers in various organisations. Trade unions represent the employees to fancy that their work conditions and payments are abiding by the laid raft rules. During strikes, trade unions try to eliminate any possible alternative that employers can use to get services denied by the employees. A strike impart continue until the top leadership in the organisation address the matter at hand, addressing the issues that caused it in the first-year place.Work-to ruleAccording to Budd et al, (2005, pp.44), Work-to rule is a formal conflict in labour relations where the employees commemorate all the legal conditions in their employment contracts and deliberately refuse to use their initiative by playing rigidly and like machines that have already been programmed. An example may include nursing staff who refuses to dish up Doctors calls because it is not included anywhere in the employment contract. Another example may involve a stenographer that refuses to change the grammatical errors committed by her employer because her primary role is nevertheless to transcribe. Work-to rule is not illegal therefore no employee can be punished, despite it slowing down performance progress in the organisationProtests and demonstrationsWorkers may also demonstrate against managements action to undermine their rights. Demonstrations are legal as long as the employees observe the federal laws. Demonstrations may be organised by trade unions representing the employees.Types of unorganised/ informal conflictsAbsenteeismAccording to Collins et al. (2005, pp.124), absenteeism is an informal conflict in the workplace where workers deliberately refuse to go to work. However, absenteeism may not be an industrial conflict because employees may fail to report to work because of many varied reasons for sickness or injury. When employees fail to go to work and they do not give fuzes for the absenteeism either prior or after then it is considered to be an informal conflict. Absenteeism reduces revenue and productivity of organizations , hence management need to come up with strategies that will avoid it.SabotageSabotage is a deliberate damage of employees reputation and production by employees as a means of expressing their grievances. Workers may choose to slow down production, disable machines used in processing, slander the Company or directly destroy the firms property. Most employees that carry out sabotage report themselves but are willing to avail themselves when the pressure hits up.ResignationMany employees may choose to cast off from their positions and even head to the rivalry company as a result of a protest against sealed management practices. It may affect the reputation of the Company or even make the firm freehanded its competitive nature due to losing best employees to their competitor.TheftEmployees may choose to steal from their employer as a protest for poor payment. Workers may organise to steal organisations consignment meant for their clients or Production purposes ruining their reputat ion. court- order of magnitudeed regulation of conflict in the United KingdomThe United Kingdom labour laws describe strikes as illegal and, as a result nobody is allowed to conduct a strike. However, employees can express their grievances through their trade unions or Labour relations as stated in the Consolidation Act 1992 (TULRCA 1992). every employees taking part in a strike are required to give a carte to the affected employee and get its members to ballot if they get a majority vote then the industrial action can go on.Legislations in the United Kingdom labour laws that focus on employee rights are in support for Individualism as compared to collectivism Jurisdictions.Individual ConflictsAccording to Collins et al, (2005, pp.1024), any organization that is aiming at improving its operations need to minimise the individual conflicts at the place of work. Good managers can also turn the individual conflicts to benefit the firm by recording every employee. Managers can conduct feedback and interactive sessions as well as face-face meetings with its employees. In addition, every manager should understand the dislikes and likes of his staff including their strong and debilitated points. Leaders should learn to value their employees opinions to make them feel valued. They can go ahead and give vary days to employees that look frustrated and tired.When an employee is found to have committed an offence it is very crucial for the managers to handle the disciplinary action with uttermost care.How to resolve individual conflictsDiscipline is an action taken against a someone that has failed to confine ton the rules set by a Company of where he works. Grievance on the other hand is a condition on employment terms that appear contrary to the stated rules in individual or collective contracts.It is weighty for the employees to ensure thatEmployees understand what their standard of performance and conduct is and the consequences of weakness to meet the standards .Managers should identify the obstacles that can make employees not to meet the standards and look for solutions.Both employees and employers should agree on objectives and timeframe to achieve.Employer should resolve a dispute using the employment tribunalIf an employee is dismissed the manager should be able to prove to the tribunal that the due process was followed (Clegg, 1979, pp. 21). corporal conflictsAccording to Collins et al., (2005, pp.24), Individual employees face many problems like low wages, lack of incentives and poor working environment. Even though, the workers face the problems individually, they cannot attract the managers attention due to lack of bargaining power. When trade unions address the issues, then it becomes a collective conflict, and it increases the bargaining power of the employees sort of than solving a case by case scenario.Trade unions play a significant role in collective conflicts by increasing the bargaining strength of workers in various empl oyment situations collectively. Collective bargaining assists employees in presenting their grievances and ensures that management does not take a unilateral step or decision.Conflict firmness mechanismIt is burning(prenominal) for management to realize that conflicts at the place of work are inevitable. Employers and employees will always have issues especially in relation to employment contracts and wage payments. Management should come up with an employment tribunal that will deal with the problems whether individual or collective.When some of the conflicts are so complicated, there is the need for mediation to take place as soon as possible. Employers need to address issues at the workplace as quickly as possible. Postponing will only make the situation more complicated. mediation helps a lot in solving conflicts before they become more complex. It provides a neutral ground fro employer and employees to discuss their issues and come up with solutions that are mutual. Mediatio n should encourage open communication and should be done by professionals that can develop solutions.According to Collins et al., (2005, pp.124), leaders should define to their employees what protocols to observe to reduce conflicts. It is important for them to create a framework that will encourage good business practices, team building, and talent management. A manager should understandably state actions that will not be tolerated. In addition, it is important for organisations to hit conflicts go about them head-on. Employers should seek out issues that will bring conflicts and intervene as soon as possible. This will help avoid some conflicts from coming up.Clegg believes that before solving conflicts it is essential for every party to understand the whats in it for me factor. It is very critical for all sides ton understand the motivation of others before try to resolve the conflict. Avoiding conflicts by helping others achieve their objectives will provide a platform to conf lict resolution (1979, pp. 22).Stakeholders in conflict resolution in the labour marketTrade marriages and Employees.According to Trade Union & labour Relations (Consolidated Act 1992) a trade union is an organisation with workers as its members, whose primary function is to find the relationship between employees and employers or Employers Unions. The main purpose of a trade union is to comfort and promote the interests of their workers who are their members.Trade unions try to get highest wage payment for its members and influence the rules and regulations that govern employment. In addition, they work as employees source of power as they control the government to formulate laws that benefit the employee.According to Budd et al. (2004, pp. 26), employers need to recognise trade unions because they provide a mechanism at the place of work that improves communication. It also helps to regulate employee-employer relationship. In addition trade, unions maintain active employment cu lture in labour relations. Most employers, provided resist trade unions because the pose a challenge to the authority of the leaders in the organisation cause potential disruption of work at the firm. Some unions may not be willing to co-operate promoting rise in strikes and strives. Many managers prefer other useful channels of addressing employees grievances than use of trade unions.The GovernmentTrade Union and labour relations (Consolidated) (1992, p. 108), defines the government as a state of the day, including the other agencies that perform their will through implementation of labour policies and their legislation. The government may be an employer, income regulator, rule formulator, manpower moderator or the guardian of employees, thus the wide responsibility.The employerAccording to Fox (1966, p. 6) the employer is responsible for supplying its workforce with employment contracts that are aureate and abide by the labour laws in the United Kingdom. At the same time, they should provide a working environment that is beneficial to the employee. As much as their primary goal is to maximise profits it is important for the employer to mind the needs of a worker. Budd et al. believes that the company should acknowledge trade unions and use them as opportunities to move to the following level. Trade unions push employees agenda and if companies can use the issues raised to benefit the employee then performance will improve automatically as most employees will feel satisfied (2004 pp. 14).ConclusionOrganisational conflict, trade unions, Governments, employers and collective bargaining are critical areas of interest in labour relations. Foxs views on unitarism and pluralism clearly bring out the conflicts that arise at the workplace. According to Fox, the Unitarism perspective explains that what benefits the employee will automatically benefit the employer and conflict should not be taken as a typical phenomenon. According to the Unitarists, many managers a nd workers see their organisation in a unitary shape and are impressed with existing situations.The pluralists have an opposite view, however, debate that what benefits the Company disadvantages the employees with the reverse being true. They believe that the interests of workers are very different from those of the employer. Due to the existence of poor labour laws, powerful Multinationals and desperate competition of employees, there exist weak employment conditions.In order to have a balance among the competing parties in the working relationship, Fox explains that firms need to go for the pluralist view as the most efficient and effective mechanism for solving conflicts that cannot be avoided. The frame of reference developed by Fox embraces the interests of two parties hence its relevance to the present society.Conflicts can either be organised or informal with strikes, absenteeism, sabotage and work-to rule being the most common. Many organisations should come up with mechani sms to solve both the individual and collective conflicts appropriately to avoid affecting their operations. There is the need for the Government, employees, employers and Trade unions to work unitedly to ensure that conflicts are handled in a mature manner.ReferencesBudd, J. et al. (2004), Why A Balance Is Best The Pluralist industrial Relations Paradigm Of Balancing Competing Interests, Industrial Relations Research Association, Research Volume. Pp. 12-48.Clegg, H. A. (1979). The Changing System of Industrial Relations in Great Britain. Oxford University press Blackwell. Pp. 17-37.Collins, H. Keith, Ewing, & Aileen McCoglan. (2005). Labour Law Text and Materials 2nd Edition, Kogan Publishers London. PP 1-1100.Commons, J.R. (1919), Industrial blessing. McGraw-Hill New York. Pp.125-193Flanders, Management & Unions, pp. 172 (08/10/10)Edwards, P. (2010). The Employment Relationship, pp.11-12Fox, A. (1966). Industrial Sociology and Industrial Relations. Donovan London Publishers Lond on, pp. 1- 187. cathexis Research Paper No. 3, HMSO, London. Kochan, T. (1980). Collective Bargaining and Industrial Relations From Theory to Policy and serve. Homewood, Ill. Irwin London pp.41-128.Slides, Perspectives on Industrial Relations, Sept 2010 (08/10/10)http//pesona.mmu.edu.my (10/10/10)http//works.bepress.com (08/10/10)http//www.legacy-itc.csomumn.edu/faculty/jbudd/research/buddgomezmeltz.pd (08/10/10)Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992.https//www.google.co.ke/?gws_rd=ssl.Source document

Adolescent Moral Development

Morality poop be defined as the distinction between what is right and wrong or what is good and bad. Although, righteous reasoning depends on culture which makes it difficult to define. Most people dont look at where these principles ar coming from or what guides atomic number 53 through good development. As clawren grow and learn, usually from like takers and people who inspire their every need, their morality changes found on several levels. Although researching of moral development goes as far back as Socrates, there are both psychologists that studied morality in profoundness and they are Lawrence Kohlberg and Jean Piaget.Jean Piaget was a cognitive developmental psychologists spending most of his time working with children and adolescents, including his own. Although, Piagets observation of moral development wasnt in depth like Kohlberg, he allowed for a prefatorial understanding. He studyd that moral development occurred in symbolizes. Piaget strongly believed in education and thought interaction in a education setting allowed children maximum potential in cognitive development. Piaget believed in many things, precisely when it came to moral development there were only two basic principles.The first principle was that children develop moral ideas in stages and could not skip stages, although movement from one stage to the other could vary in length. ultimately he believed that children create their own perception of their world, including whether their actions enforce what is morally right or wrong. Piagets ideas of moral naturalism and morality of cooperation play a role in Kohlbergs theory. Children in Piagets stage of moral realism believe that rules are absolute and cant be changed.Punishment should be determined by how much damage is done, and the intention of the child is not taken into account. For example, a child operating in the stage of moral realism would believe that a child who accidentally breaks triplet cups should be pun ished more than a child who breaks one cup on purpose. Eventually, both the damage done and the intention of the offender in a accustomed moral dilemma are considered in this stage of moral development. Lawrence Kohlberg studied moral development in depth and that is what he is most commonly known for.Although his basic ideas and principles originated from the ideas of Piaget, Kohlberg did an in depth study of the basics of morality and how a child or adolescents move from one stage to the next. Kolberg had developed sextette stages of moral development. All of the stages were grouped into three levels of sub categories. Stages one and two are pre-conventional judgment and moral development. Stages three and four are conventional judgment. Lastly, stages are five and six are post conventional.When children are natural Kolberg believes that they have no morals and as they grow and learn, morals begin to form. The pre-conventional level is where morality begins. This is the funda ment of moral judgment. The moral values here in this stage are external. Stage one is based on obedience and punishment. If a child is punished they will try and avoid the situation acute that they will be punished so that act is known as wrong to the children. Stage two is a slightly more complex stage. Children are now egocentric and are able to qualify thoughts and ideas.Both male and females hold certain roles and have different beliefs. The conventional level Those who reason in a conventional way judge the morality of actions by comparing them to societys charms and expectations. Conventional morality is characterized by an espousal of societys conventions concerning right and wrong. At this level an individual obeys rules and follows societys norms even when there are no consequences for obedience or disobedience. Adherence to rules and conventions is somewhat rigid, however, and a rules appropriateness or fairness is seldom questioned .Stage three is where children are labeled. In this stage children are labeled either good or bad. Children try and please others for acceptance and approval. For example, during the Christmas holiday season children try their hardest to be good so Santa will total and bring them Christmas presents. Where as if they are bad they will receive coal. Stage four is where authority comes in and plays a highly meaning(a) role. Children learn that authority figures are the ones who control and maintain order. Also they try and live up to others expectations alternatively of their own.The post conventional level is where moral values allow adolescents and adults to distinguish the difference between societies view of right and wrong and the views of their individual views. Most people live by these views of right and wrong. In stage five the world is known as being able to hold their own opinions and views. Stage six is using your own opinions and applying them. For instance choosing to use logic and consistency or the fe eling of your own morality to make understandable and logical decisions. While a child grows the formation of morality is highly important.Alcoholics, medicate addicts and murderers might suffer from disturbed moral thoughts which might cause an error in their beliefs of right and wrong. For instance, a murderer who grew up in an abusive home atmosphere might think it is okay to be abusive and hurt other people. So therefore there morality was culture based and was support based on the home life sustained. The same for alcoholics and drug addicts. Although, not all people who come from these types of dysfunctional families suffer and act upon there cultural up bringing some may.