Current foreign Relations with Africa Compared to Past Administrations Essay

The recent visit of President Obama to Africa particularly in Ghana and how he was received in that country is a reflection of the United States’ current foreign relations to Africa. Apparently, the U. S. foreign relation with Africa under the Obama administration is reflected in the following words spoken by the president before the Parliament in Accra, Ghana’s capital. Quoting the President’s word, Peter Baker puts it, â€Å"†¦But I can promise you this: America will be with you every step of the way, as a partner, as friend† (Baker). The US foreign policy as outlined in the president’s message was that the American support to African development efforts is dependent on how Africa takes it responsibility for its own problems. This is clearly depicted in the President’s words as cited by Baker, â€Å"We must start from the simple premise that Africa’s future is up to Africans† (Baker). Obama emphasized that the US support on Africa is primarily because of a functioning democracy and honest governance as he warned that â€Å"No country is going to create wealth if its leaders exploit the economy to enrich themselves, or police can be bought off by drug traffickers. † Furthermore, he said â€Å"No business wants to invest in a place where the government skims 20 percent off the top, or the head the head of the port authority is corrupt. No person wants to live in a society where the rule of law gives way to the rule of brutality and bribery† (Baker). Citing the statement of Representative Donald Payne, head of the House sub-committee on Africa, Baker points out that the Obama foreign policy, as Payne predicted, will likely to â€Å"concentrate on things that would prevent terror like higher education† rather than on the U. S. war on terror (Gettleman) Africa has always been important in the United States’ foreign policy in view of the former USSR’s interests in the Red Sea through which oil flawed to the Red Sea from the Middle East. This importance is reflected in Alan Dobson and Steve Marsh assertion that during the Reagan administration, â€Å"His reinvigoration of the cold war caused him †¦more than any other Cold War US President to Africa in colors of red versus the star-spangled banner rather than the black versus white† (Dobson & Marsh 93). The issue behind the Cold War between the United States and USSR relating to the interest of these two world powers has generated the importance of Africa in the US foreign policy not in an effort to counter the threat of communism in the region, through spreading promoting the blessings democracy in this former slave colony. Apparently, the Carter period sees domestic turmoil as caused by the communist adventurism and implemented a policy of â€Å"bringing about democracy† in Africa† (Adar). Compared to these previous foreign policies, although the Obama government embarked on preventive similar measures, the circumstances demanding for such concerns were a bit different. The situation confronting Africa during the Cold War period was critical because of the threat of communism to reign over the continent, while the situation in Africa confronting the Obama administration is the existence of evils in our world. Baker noted that one evil in Africa that Obama came to fight â€Å"is pernicious mix of greed, famine, and war that has kept Africa down† (Baker). The U. S. foreign relation to Africa during the Cold War era viewed democracy as essential component of the US foreign involvement in Africa. According to Korwa Adar, both the Reagan and Bush Sr. ’s administration viewed â€Å"the issue of democracy and human rights† (Adar, par. 14) as the main agenda in their foreign relation’s policy with Africa. Although the Obama administration also emphasized on the role of ‘functioning democracy’ in his foreign relation policy with Africa, the Obama administration stressed on the issues of corruption and tyranny in the government as the main issues held by the government as primary responsibility of the government to resolve, whereas, both the Reagan and Bush Sr. administration pointed out the human rights violation and the containment of communism as their main agenda in their foreign policy. Regarding the Clinton administration, Adar pointed out that the Bush administration’s efforts on the issue of human rights and democracy â€Å"were carried on by President Clinton† (Adar par. 17). Adar argued that even though the US had no foreign policy towards Africa prior to Clinton presidency, the existing policy during that time was to provide support to leaders â€Å"on the basis of anti-communist or anti-apartheid rhetoric more than their actions†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Adar, par. 16). The Clinton administration strengthened its commitment as part of his foreign policy, its commitment to human rights. Adar cited that in response to violence and killings of innocent people by the Abacha regime in Nigeria, Clinton cutoff $450, 000 in the US aid in military training and $11 million in grants. In comparison, although the Obama government is also dealing with insurgencies, as Representative Payne earlier cited, the Obama government policy to be implemented in Africa will not likely be about the ‘US fight on the war on terror’, but it will be on preventing the breeding of terrorist and terrorism through providing opportunity of having higher education. Thus, the Obama government foreign policy will likely to yield better results than the previous governments. Obviously, the big difference was that his ethnic origin with Africa placed his foreign policy towards Africa make all the difference because it is based not only shared political ends, but on his shared heritage with Africa. Work Cited Adar, Korwa G. â€Å"The Wilsonian Conception of Democracy and Human Rights: A Retrospective and Prospective. † African Studies Quarterly: The Online Journal for African Studies. Date Retrieved: July 14, 2009. http://web. africa. ufl. edu/asq/v2/v2i2a3. htm Baker, Peter. â€Å"Obama Delivers Call for Change to a Rapt Africa. † July 11, 2009. The New York Times. July 14, 2009. http://www. nytimes. com/2009/07/12/world/africa/12prexy. html? em Dobson, Alan P. $ Marsh, S. US Foreign Policy Since 1945. New York: Routledge 2001 Gettleman, Jeffrey. â€Å"Obama in Africa: Welcome Back, Son. Now Don’t Forget Us. † July 11, 2009. The New York Times. July 14, 2009. http://www. nytimes. com/2009/07/12/weekinreview/12gettleman. html? ref=africa

Age of Enlightenment and Candide Voltaire Candide Essay

Candide is an outlandishly humorous, far-fetched tale by Voltaire satirizing the optimism espoused by the philosophers of the Age of Enlightenment. It is the story †¦ An Analysis of Candide, and Voltaire’s Controversial Convictions †¦ voices. yahoo. com/an-analysis-candide-voltaires-controversial-695221. ht†¦? Dec 13, 2007 – One of Voltaire’s premier criticisms in Candide is quite in alignment with Enlightenment teachings: the belief that the church has become †¦ How did Voltaire ideas from Candide disagree with spirit of the †¦ answers. yahoo.com Society & Culture †º Religion & Spirituality? Oct 15, 2010 – He angered the government but was in the spirit of the Enlightenment. Voltaire, who was an Enlightenment thinker, reflected his concern with the †¦ The Age of Enlightenment and Candide ? Aug 18, 2013 How does Voltaire use satire in Candide to teach about the †¦ Sep 12, 2012 In what ways does Voltaire’s Candide reflect Enlightenment values †¦ Sep 11, 2010 Candide and the Enlightenment? Jan 2, 2009 More results from answers. yahoo. com Voltaire and Candide – University of Idaho www. webpages. uidaho. edu/engl_258/†¦ /voltaire_and_candide. htm? Voltaire (1694-1778) and Candide (1759): Enlightenment Values and Print 258. Is this really â€Å"The Best of All Possible Worlds† Pangloss and his †¦ Candide and the Enlightenment – A New-Made World – WordPress †¦ mbroek. wordpress. com/2012/09/21/candide-and-the-enlightenment/? A description for this result is not available because of this site’s robots. txt – learn more. Essay on â€Å"The Enlightenment† in Voltaire’s Candide www. directessays. com/viewpaper/251. html?

Post WWII UK science policy and theories of change in science policy - Essay

Post WWII UK science policy and theories of change in science policy - Outline the main features of UK science policy in the dif - Essay Example This essay discusses the key features of science policy under the Thatcher government and during the Blair / Brown administration, as well as point out the contrasts and comparisons between the same. The policies and strategies in today's times have evolved as a consequence of such external factors, and circumstances, which existed prior to the two world wars, and are in stark contrast to the contemporary times. The impact of technological revolution, on the society today, is the result of such policies and political will. The fact that science is an influential tool used for political domination is established through this study. Furthermore it also suggests the manner in which policies and investment in science and technology have changed over the years, in response to the change in structure of government. The increased government spending on research and development of nuclear weapons post the World War II, during the Wilson Labour government (1964-1970) to the shift in investment in industrial research during the Thatcher Major Conservative government (1979 – 1997) and finally to the Blair / Brown government’s (1997 – 2010) emphasis on building a knowledge economy by enhancing the quality of life through wealth creation. This essay discusses the key features of science policy under the Thatcher government and during the Blair / Brown administration, as well as point out the contrasts and comparisons between the same. UK Science Policy Post WWII: The science policy of two governments namely, The Thatcher / Major Conservative Government (1979 – 1997) and The Blair / Brown Labour Government (1997 – 2010) are discussed in this section: The Thatcher / Major Conservative Government (1979 – 1997): Various strategic changes in the science policy were observed during the Thatcher administration. One of the key aims of the Thatcher government was to provide a social environment with minimum possible, moderation on the activities of private industry. The Thatcher government which came to power during the late 1970s saw major investments in science and technology, with a greater emphasis on industrial development. The government focused mainly on development of research fields which had a st rong industrial relevance, resulting in priority funding in this sector. This in turn strengthened the relationship between the private industry, universities and Research councils, which were initially devoid of such funding. One of the fields that were mostly benefited through such extensive funding was: genetic engineering (Wright, 1994). The science policy under this regime was mostly centralized and was subjected to major interference from the government. The key focus was to steer the scientific innovations in a way that could benefit the society, through maximum revenue generation. The main agenda of this administration was to liberate the private enterprises, and reduce state intervention and cuts in public sector spending. Overall reductions in budget were made, in the areas of education and in universities, regardless

The Cask of the Amontillado, by Edgar Allen Poe Term Paper

The Cask of the Amontillado, by Edgar Allen Poe - Term Paper Example Some literary experts suggested Poe got his idea for this story from being a former mason. The Cask of Amontillado fascinated its readers for the gruesome death of its victim. The manner of death was being entombed or buried alive by enclosure within a concrete wall. The technical term for this manner of execution is immurement, but there is a big difference in this death from being merely buried alive, such as being put into the ground. Immurement is a particularly painful and slow death due to dehydration and starvation, a manner of torture. A person buried alive dies from asphyxiation and death is much quicker, while being entombed through immurement signifies a lingering death which could take days or weeks. A lot of myths, stories and legends surround this manner of execution by immurement among a lot of people, especially in southeastern Europe due to superstitious beliefs arising from cases of bad luck in which buildings and bridges collapse inexplicably for no apparent reason at all. This short story can be better understood if viewed within the times it was written. It was a time of frenetic construction activities since this period coincided with rise of Industrial Revolution in which men and machines were able to build at a much greater pace. However, a superstition prevails in which a human sacrifice is sometimes needed to make the construction a success, and this gave rise to the various urban legends about immurement. This may partly explain the popularity of The Cask of Amontillado when it was published in 1846. Personal conflict – the protagonist and the antagonist in this short story engaged in a conflict that was personal in nature. In Montresor, as the storys narrator and also its criminal, author Poe implied some motive to his crime but it was not stated clearly what the reason was. The motive was vague and Poe merely left it to the readers to

Legal Aspect of Nursing Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Legal Aspect of Nursing - Case Study Example The physician should have looked for an alternative source of the anesthetist or take the patient to another hospital. Failure to provide the appropriate care and referrals to the patient. The physician did not give the patient good care when he was in the hospital. The physician should have spent the night checking on the patient to see any progress or complication that may arise. Failure to communicate. The physician did not communicate to his seniors or other medical agencies to seek for assistance. There are many medical centers that would have carried out the surgery if they were notified. The hospital could also have requested aid of an ambulance to transfer the patient to another center. The emergency center physician who represents the hospital is liable for the liabilities raised. The physician did not do a conclusive assessment on the patient to determine the urgency of the surgery. This would have enabled the physician to look for an alternative hospital where the surgery would have been done immediately. The physician did not have the anesthetist in the center. This is a sign of lack of commitment in his duties. The physician must ensure that there are all necessary medicine and chemicals at all times. The orders must be mad in advance before the stock ends. If the physician had done a prudent assessment on the patient, he would have communicated it to Jose’s parent so that she can take the necessary step to ensure that the patient receives treatment in another hospital. Having done the x-ray on the patient, the physician should have done minor treatment instead of giving sedatives only. The court would rule against the hospital and physician. The care standard that was given to the patient is below standard. If the hospital had attended to the patient on time, there would not be any complications on the patient. In the case of Hall v. Arthur, the United States court of appeal upheld a trial court decision, which held the

Social Ideals of Motherhood, Parenting, and Reproduction (responses) Essay

Social Ideals of Motherhood, Parenting, and Reproduction (responses) - Essay Example Dubois birth control assertion is in fact a state policy now to provide reproductive health to protect women from childbirth mortality. Society has already recognized the injustices of incorrect perspective about women, motherhood and parenting. Racism as Dubois had fought before is no longer tolerated in the workplace nor does it make a coloured woman unfit for motherhood. Davis complaint of women’s unfair treatment at work is slowly being eradicated albeit it has to be admitted that it still exist today. Conscious efforts however are already been made to make to end this discrimination at work. For example, US military has removed the ban on women for combat positions. The economic reality also compels both wife and husband to work together to sustain the household. To those couples who have the opportunity to work together, the option of two breadwinners has become the favourable option rather than merely having the wife stay at home. The social and economic reality makes the assertions of these thinkers either a given or being accepted as fact that it is no longer being

The Company Law Review was a missed opportunity to implement a model Essay

The Company Law Review was a missed opportunity to implement a model of the company better adapted to contemporary challenges.Discuss with reference to S.172 of the Companies Act,2006 - Essay Example Auditors were in hand with management and their reports were misrepresenting. Thousands of innocent people have lost their savings and investments. The Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) conceived that businesses in general will benefit from the new measures put forward in the proposals. There will be greater clarity on directors duties to include more attention to the interests of shareholders, but can pay regard to the long as well as the short term, taking due account of the interests of employees, suppliers, consumers and the environment. (Company law reform: UK proposals published, Out-Law News, 18/03/2005, http://www.out-law.com/page-5438, accessed on 10th April, 2009) The duty which is laid down in section 172 substitutes the common law duty of dedication. This duty of the Directors is considered as the duty to act in good faith in the interests of the company. The new duty warrants action towards the success of the company. The promotion should be for the welfare of the members as a collective body: it should not be just for the sake of the shareholders. This duty on the part of the directors is: The Company Law Review considered the following major issues in their proposals restructuring those parts of company law most relevant to small businesses, making it easier for them to understand what they need to do. The main issues are: growths in recognized best practice’ in corporate governance,1 with the outcome that it is now difficult and time consuming for directors to find out precisely what is the law applicable to the companies. In 1998, the then Secretary of State for Trade and Industry determined that there should be an all-inclusive appraisal of company law. The Review was carried on by a Steering Group constituting experts from law, commerce, accountancy and academia, with the support of a generally based Consultative Group, and it brought out its concluding report in July 2001. The Government reacted to the Review Groups propositions

Furniture piece (I WILL DO IT)in the Aesthetic movement, U.S Assignment

Furniture piece (I WILL DO IT)in the Aesthetic movement, U.S. (1890-1915) - Assignment Example birth of various skillful craftspeople who have flourished because of the artistic outlet they achieved through hand making of the most durable and beautiful goods ever. Based on this, there has emerged a group of extremely talented artisans termed as Roycroft Renaissance Artisans, who have continuously carried on with the tradition of producing high quality goods. It is a modern day edition of Arts & Crafts movement, and serves towards preservation and protection of the quality and vision of the American Arts & Crafts (Koon, 2004).   The Roycroft designs have indeed brought in a lot of significance towards the growth and establishment of America’s aesthetic value and designs. This is because in America at large, the aesthetic Movement has come up to be the first paradigm of the ultimate phenomenon that can now be termed as a ‘Lifestyle’. This is due to the fact that Aesthetic ideal not only applied to the aspects of painting, portraiture, and sculpture, but also to the entire furniture designs courtesy of Roycroft furniture models (Koon, 2004).   In fact, it appears that Roycroft designs has borrowed much from the aesthetic in coming out with completely new models that appear exciting to most customers. The aesthetic ideal is thus one of its kinds in the organization. It generally gave a proposal that being artistic was a significant touchstone of enlightened

Unresolved conflicts in the region as a key obstacle in the Essay

Unresolved conflicts in the region as a key obstacle in the development of (the Armenian-Azerbaijani Nagorno-Karabakh conflict in the context) - Essay Example It is co-chaired by the United States, France and Russia. Negotiations hit a deadlock in 2011 leading to spread of the geographical scope to other regions far way from Nagorno-Karabakh. It has been identified that this conflict is the key barrier to peace, stability and development in the South Caucasus (Notholt, 2008, p68). A review of the reasons as to why both the external actors and the conflicting parties have an interest in maintaining the status quo reveals the reason why the peace negotiation process has currently hit a deadlock. For example, both the government of Armenian and Azerbaijani have not shown any genuine interest in achieving the negotiated outcomes, which are proposed by OSCE (Notholt, 2008, p34). The Nagorno-Karabakh government was officially excluded from participating in this peace process, and the Armenia government is currently representing them. NK officials are currently becoming impatient with isolation from the direct participation and the fact that the negotiation process is currently not underway (Croissant, 1998, p42). A number of factors do not favor the negotiation process in this region. For instance, the geographical context does not support this negotiation progress. This is because the key powerbrokers, which include The United States, Russia and Turkey, seem to be comfortable with the current status quo with respect to their strategic interests (Croissant, 1998, p34). In addition, they still promote arms race and power imbalance through security alliances and arms-trade with the conflicting parties. This is a clear evident that the external actors are not interested in finding a permanent solution to this conflict that will lead to long-lasting peace and development. Additionally, other nations like Iran and Georgia are interested in mediating this negotiation process, but members of OSCE have denied them the chance to participate. The United Nations Security Council has also been denied the

Diversity Plan for Abercrombie & Fitch Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Diversity Plan for Abercrombie & Fitch - Essay Example The teen apparel retailer has had consistent good performance in terms of profitability despite the challenging U.S. retail environment (Anna 2013). In order to increase its revenue, the company has put in place measures to ensure that it spreads out to international markets by widening its product portfolio. It is therefore imperative that the company should implement a diversity and inclusion program so as to improve its position as an international apparels retailer. President’s Statement Diversity is an important source of competitive advantage in terms of innovation and growing company revenues. The ability of a company to compete in both the domestic markets and the international markets depends on the resourcefulness of its people. Suffice to say, Abercrombie & Fitch values its people as the most important asset for the company. Workplace diversity and inclusion gives sufficient intellectual capital to fuel our growth to new levels. The apparel retail market has been ch anging rapidly and it is through diversity that the company can be able to meet new challenges and create value for both our clients and shareholders. The strength of our company comes from the combination of our values, knowledge and expertise. Thus, diversity is the cradle upon which Abercrombie & Fitch Company’s success is anchored. The company values diversity not only for revenue growth but also to foster an all inclusive work environment. The management of Abercrombie & Fitch Company is fully committed to ensuring diversity and inclusion in its workplace. Justification for Diversity Diversity basically refers to human qualities and skill sets that are different and varied among individuals and groups (Morgan and Felix 475). For instance, diversity can be manifested in terms of age, gender, ethnicity, physical abilities and educational background among others. It needs the unique contributions that can be made by individuals with many differences and abilities. The succe ss or failure of a company depends on its ability to create a work environment that harnesses a wide range of input from its employees and business partners (Eagly and Jean 216). Companies are also obliged to satisfy the population and demographics that they serve. One of the benefits of diversity is improved productivity (Kreitz 115). It is notable that innovation arises from a combination of different perspectives towards attaining a common goal. By embracing diversity, an organization is capable of excelling since it will have a large pool of experts with different perspectives to spur its growth. In fact, the global market requires diverse knowledge of consumers and their preferences. Suffice to say, a diverse workforce will be well suited to develop products that are appropriate for the diverse markets. Also, diversity plays and integral role in ensuring that important consumer cultural perspectives are considered in operations of business. For instance, Abercrombie & Fitch has to ensure that it understands the needs of its international markets like Africa which are fundamentally different from the American market. Diversity in the workplace is anchored in law. Organizations are legally required to ensure that their workforce is diverse and does not discriminate against any demographics. In order to avoid class lawsuits, Abercrombie & Fitch has to implement a diversity and inclusion plan that incorporates all the demographics and nationalities in which it operates. Suffice to say, the company’

A Rose for Emily Essay Example for Free

A Rose for Emily Essay Beyond these two similarities the stories differ greatly. One of the most notable differences between the two stories is the tense with which they are written. Poe takes us into the mind of the main character using the first person. In this way we learn about the insults perpetrated against the main character along with the intimate reasoning he uses to justify his act of murder. On the contrary, Faulkner writes his story in the third-person omniscient voice and defines the main character through a myriad of supporting characters and dynamic imagery. This use of tense functions well and reinforces the writers plot design. The two writers create very different environments in which the action takes place. Faulkner opens his short story setting up a gloomy, dark stage by describing a derelict Victorian home in a denigrated neighborhood. In the case of Poe’s short story the first clear description of the environment comes later in the story and describes the tunnels leading to the cask of Amontillado. This cramped setting appears to reinforce the cramped space in which Fortunato is ultimately entombed. These settings work well to create a mysterious and tense plot. Faulkner uses many characters in his story where Poe restricts himself to just two. In Faulkner’s story the protagonist is defined through the eyes of many characters thus creating an air of mystery that surrounds the main character, Miss Emily. Miss Emily is known only through the minds others. Conversely, Poe restricts his story to include only the aggressor and victim. This minimal cast, combined with the first person tense, keeps the reader focused exactly where Poe intended. This diverse use of characters adds greatly to the tension prevalent in these two dynamic stories. The creative use of tense, environment and characters make these two stories stand out. The first person tense takes you deep into the mind of a killer in one story and 2 in the other a portrait is painted by a diverse group of characters. Two very different settings reinforce an air of mystery. The dynamic use of these techniques makes these two short stories stand out as industry standards. 3

Would you expect an increase in a minimum wage to help or hurt Essay Example for Free

Would you expect an increase in a minimum wage to help or hurt Essay Increasing the minimum statutory wage has much far-reaching implications . Research indicate that this has a major impact on the business, employment and labor market. Studies done on its impact show that the increase very probably leads to reduction of employment more so for the young and unskilled who typically get engaged in lower income jobs. So if the increase in minimum wage is not beneficial to the general economy, is it helpful to the labor force it ought to benefit? On a positive note or rather short term the increase will mean that the workers will have an increased disposable income therefore they will be in a position to meet their needs more comfortably than they did before the increase. On the other hand the increase is just minimal therefore it adds very little to the income of the workers in general. This method has been found to be an ineffective tool for poverty reduction due to such negative impacts which mainly affect the people it ought to benefit. (Neumark, D and Wascher, W 1992) An increase in minimum wage forces the employers to respond in certain ways, studies indicate that when minimum wages increase the employers often tend to reduce the fringe benefits for the workers and at the same time reduce trainings for the employees. They embark on a cost cutting measures so as to fill the gap created by the funds which go towards the increment. Such a move will affect the worker as he or she will enjoy less benefits. In a matter of fact they might continue taking home the same amount of money or even less due to reduction or withdrawal of benefits. The cost cutting measures may deny a worker a chance to progress in a career when on job training as a benefit is done away with. On the same note to manage the business spending the employer may even end up reducing the hours of work further reducing the wage. (Neumark, D and Wascher, W 1992) An increase in the minimum statutory wage may be a good thing in the short term, but it has a negative impact to the worker since the employers will have to act in a certain way to ensure that they continue to enjoy the same profits margin as they did before. Reference Neumark, D and Wascher, W (1992) Employment effects of minimum and sub minimum wages: Panel Data on State Wage Laws, Industrial and Labor Relations Review, vol 46

Total quality management has not changed but evolved

Total quality management has not changed but evolved TQM is not a new challenge for ST since this approach has been adopted since the early 1990s. This concept remained the primary concern for ST and since then it has not changed but evolved. It has always been a means to achieve Excellence for the entire organisation. TQM is about PEOPLE. It has become the practical way of working at ST; an integrated part of the day-today managerial process, a better way of organizing and doing ones job. At ST, employees have to share the same values of the organisation. ‘People do not come to work with their hands and minds only; they also come with their hearts and emotions. Therefore, to obtain a totally efficient approach, it is essential that everybody in the organization knows and fully adheres to these principles. Georges Auguste Corporate Vice President TQEM In their journal ‘A meta-analysis of the effect of TQM on competitive advantage the authors Eman El Shenawy, Tim Baker and David J. Lemak quoted that ‘Culture is the values, beliefs, and norms that guide behaviour in organizations (Reed et al., 2000, p. 15). Culture is also necessary for providing employee empowerment that guides employees to focus on quality and inspect their own mistakes (Ahire et al., 1996). ST has specifically developed and deployed Training Programs through ST University, at all sites. Empowerment must be based on properly trained employees. Knowledge sharing gives people the right knowledge, helping them making the right decision. What is Total Quality Management? ‘a powerful blend of philosophy and tools to achieve Excellence TQM has been developed over the years in many different contexts and implemented by many companies worldwide. It has evolved. Several countries have promoted this aspect through national quality awards. Studies highlight a very important fact. Organisations which have adopted TQM do perform better than those that have not adopted it. TQM has been defined as ‘the management of the total organization to achieve excellence. It is about management and people, not just about quality. Everyone in an organization is involved in the final product or service to the customer. The evolving path of TQM: towards business excellence and stakeholder value Cristina Mele and Maria Colurcio define TQM as a systemic and global approach based on management by process and continuous improvement of business performances by all human resources in order to satisfy explicit or implicit expectations of customers and other stakeholders (Shiba et al., 1993; Dean and Bowen, 1994; Grant et al., 1994). Over the years, TQM has evolved in sustaining Business Excellence through a framework of best practices. Excellence is the never-ending quest for perfection; going beyond the traditional concept of quality. It is a dynamic and continuous improvement process involving every activity in the organization. This is highlighted by Cristina Mele and Maria Colurcio where they have stated that TQM lead organisations to understand the competitive issues and to continuously change the way in which business is managed according to market changes. El Shenawy, Baker and Lemak have also confirmed this aspect. Research on TQM has generally proven its value to those firms who take its implementation seriously (Hendricks and Singhal, 2001; Lemak et al., 2002). Reed et al. (1996) argue that achieving competitive advantage comes from finding ‘a fit between the proper strategy content and the firms external environment. Reed et al. (2000) defined TQM as a ‘business strategy with regard to process, identifying leadership/top management commitment, employees training and education, teams, and culture as the critical processes. These key processes give the firm a sustained competitive advantage over competitors. STs Guiding Principles Customer satisfaction is the key to competitive success. This can be achieved by listening to customers, by striving to anticipate and fulfil their needs and expectations. Every employee within an organisation must do his/her best to provide world-class Service, Quality, Time to Market and Value. Business integrity is about conducting business with the highest ethical standards, honouring commitments, delivering promises, being loyal and fair, and standing up for what is right. When dealing with People, management has to adapt itself in such a way that it will enhance openness, trust, simplicity and humility. Everyones contribution has to be encouraged and achievements have to be recognized. Gatchalian (1997), affirmed that the competence of an organisation to satisfy the customers lies within its internal customers. Every employee within an organisation shall give his or her contribution and takes his or her responsibilities. A world-class network of sharing best practices will ensure that individual successes can be duplicated elsewhere in the company. TQM will integrate active participation in best-practice sharing in the management evaluation system and introduce awards and non financial incentives to promote the process. Siemens Excellence can be achieved through a continuous challenge for the better. In all aspects of the activities that are carried out, one must strive for excellence, quality, competency and efficiency in being flexible. Innovation and creativity have to be encouraged in every aspect of work activities. Business Excellence is the goal of every modern organization and can be defined as the next step after TQM, for the success of enterprise on the competitive path (Vora, 2002; McAdam et al., 1998). Innovation is what an organization the ‘push from TQM level to business excellence level. It all lies in innovation as it creates value and customer satisfaction. This allows organisations to gain sustainable competitive advantage (Stampacchia et al., 2002. Kanji (1998). Most organisations have affirmed that the strategy of quality is evolving towards a strategy of innovation. Quality has become a basis condition, What has become essential is customer value and satisfaction through innovation. The orientation is towards an innovative perspective is closely linked to the principle of continuous improvement and of customers satisfaction; the base to achieve business excellence. Business excellence represents the present evolving state of the approach for total quality (Kanji, 1998). It refers to some superiority achieved by the organisation towards the market where it operates. It is the achievement of a position of excellence in relation to superior results obtained over competitors on behalf of customers. Excellence has many different aspects linked to TQM: orientation to customer and to results leadership and coherence with objectives management in terms of processes and facts development of partnership learning, continuous improvement and innovation public responsibility For Siemens the fundamental activities in the different operative units of the enterprise in the world are based on the principle of â€Å"excellence in everything we start† aimed to the customers satisfaction and then on concepts of continuous improvement. The following list shows Siemens commitment and mission to business excellence: (1) The firm commitment to business excellence: we will focus on our customer . . . to anticipate and exceed their needs; we will continuously improve . . . our process, products and services toward world class benchmarks; and we will involve every tier . . . in achieving excellence in all we do, and in growing toward their full potential. (2) The firms mission: we will achieve leadership in business excellence by: creating a culture that values all employees, encourages and rewards high performance and   continuous improvement, and fosters teamwork and organizational learning through the involvement, development and empowerment of employees; providing quality products and services that exceed the expectations of customers by pro- actively adapting to an ever changing marketplace; and maintaining a close and strategic partnership with firm worldwide organization and gaining synergy across firm business unit. The key aspects for business excellence on which firms focus their attention: focus on customer and on market; focus on core competences; develop knowledge and capabilities; use of conventional and revolutionary tools and methodologies; continuous improvement; recognize potentiality and exploit it; develop breakthrough systems; and develop value innovations. ‘Total quality is about changing the mental models of management in order to enhance an organisations capability to determine its own future revolutionising managements way of thinking. This change requires more than a one tine shift in thinking; it means a continuous rethinking of the way managers think (Kim, 1990, p. 5). focus on the firm core competencies on key competitive drivers on the use and development of conventional and revolutionary tools and techniques on breakthrough systems on knowledge management Profitability through these activities is the main source of the funds that are needed by the organisation to prosper and grow. Profits are necessary to provide security and future opportunities, It allows the company to meet its other social and business responsibilities. Management Guidelines and Principles @ ST ST promotes three groups of guidelines or principles that have been developed over the years. These have become an integral part of STs culture: The Five TQM Principles Management commitment People empowerment Fact based-decision making Continuous improvement Customer focus The Four TQM Imperatives Never compromise Quality Institutionalize prevention Practice continuous improvement Develop cross-fertilization Management Emphasis Speed: Eliminate delays in all our processes, especially decision-making. Focus: Prioritize, and concentrate on the â€Å"vital few†. Balance: Avoid over-dependence on a narrow range of skills, products, customers, and managers. Consistency: Make sure that our practices are coherent with our values. TQM Guide Since TQM has been implemented by ST, these five TQM principles have been the most important guidelines. Being of equal importance, these can be applied to any aspect of the activities carried out. Customer satisfaction is the number one priority; achieved through continuous improvement and fact based decision-making, involving and empowering people, with the managements support and commitment. Management commitment For TQM to be successful there has to be a prerequisite management commitment, active involvement, leadership and ownership. Management must first understand TQM and be ‘convinced. Their belief and commitment will be reflected through their daily practices. Leadership and top management commitment is the most effective factor. TQM is a change strategy that requires transformational leadership skills (Reed et al., 2000). Top management has a vital role to provide value and satisfaction for customers. Management must provide the necessary resources to accomplish goals and commit to continuous improvement. This is done through implementation of teams, providing training for them, as well as individuals, communicating the values of the organization culture, and providing resources for improvements in process efficiencies (Reed et al., 2000; Wilson and Collier, 2000). Top management is responsible for quality commitment and to co-ordinate resources in order to achieve quality objectives (Zairi and Youssef, 1995a; b; Deming, 1986; Schoenberger, 1994; Scarnati and Scarnati, 2002). â€Å"Leadership in the context of TQM is not about power, authority and control, it is more about empowerment, recognition, coaching and developing others† (Zairi and Youssef, 1995b, p. 38). The role of top management is to guide and direct the organisation to adopt and implement TQM. Top management takes the early decision to adopt any managerial innovations. However, institutional factors have more effect on the long run (Young et al. (2001). Customer focus A primary pre-requisite of TQM is definitely ‘Customer focus, dealing with both internal and external customers. Exceeding customers expectations at the lower possible cost and not quality is the ultimate goal. In order to satisfy the customer, either internal or external, one must understand their expectations through dialog; avoiding creating unrealistic expectations. It is always better to under-promise and over-perform. Like customer focus, supplier partnership also applies to both internal and external suppliers. As a customer, the needs of an organisation must be satisfied. One way to achieve this goal is by working closely with the supplier. Achieving a good supplier partnership requires a proactive effort. To be a good customer, one must help the suppliers become better suppliers. In all investigated enterprises quality is a synonym for customer satisfaction (Edosomwan, 1993; Shiba et al., 1993). Organisations modify their ways to work on the basis of the need to create customer satisfaction and trust strategies (Webster, 1994; Lagrosen, 2001). Nevertheless, there are some very important aspects within customer orientation that one must keep in mind: The need to create value not only for the customer, but with customer; The need to learn about the customer, not only from them; More inter-functional relationships to share knowledge; and More focus on knowledge and capabilities needed to improve customer value. People Empowerment Having all employees contributing the maximum of their discretionary capability is the ultimate goal of employee empowerment. People are motivated when: They understand what is expected from them Goals and measurements are consistent They are given the skills and tools to do the job They are recognized for their contributions They know the score through positive communication They perform with discipline. Empowerment is considered as a powerful motivator as well as a management time-saver; it gives a sense of personal satisfaction and fulfilment. Continuous improvement the purpose of all our activities, the never-ending journey to excellence Continuous improvement is not only important with improving results, but more importantly it must deal with improving capabilities to produce better results. Prevention Continuous improvement is much associated with problem prevention. This can be achieved through root cause analysis by either removing or preventing root causes. Errors are best eliminated through prevention which also helps improving cycle time. Errors can be categorised as either doing things wrong (resulting in rework or defects), or doing wrong things (unnecessary or non-value added activities). All of these will damage Quality through defects, Service through rework and cycle time, and Cost through adding cost without adding value. Cross-fertilization and Knowledge Sharing â€Å"Learning faster than your competitor may be the only sustainable competitive advantage†. Peter Drucker The competitive advantage of individuals, companies and even nations is becoming more dependent on the ability to apply knowledge and to leverage it in a continuous manner. Learning quickly and responding immediately to changing conditions will give a competitive advantage over other organisations No company can successfully practice TQM without becoming a learning organisation. Nowadays, training and knowledge sharing has become even more fundamental for organizations to build their ‘human capital. Employees have to be provided with new techniques and practices necessary to implement TQM successfully. This is also necessary for teaching all the TQM aspects as it requires permanent change in individual behaviours and attitudes (Reed et al., 2000). Roth et al. (1999, p. 950) affirmed: â€Å"the essence of continuous improvement is an ongoing process of knowledge creation with the purpose of over time continually learning and improving, in the sense that the company should be able to learn by experience and thereby produce better products in a more sufficient way.† TQM is essential for the learning processes both at an individual and organizational level. It recognises and emphasises knowledge value and the importance of human resources. A learning organization is characterised by the continuous evolution towards positions of excellence. The enterprise believes that the achievement of the enterprises goals is closely dependent on the employee, in details on their knowledge, on their competencies, on their attitude towards change, on their motivation and their potential. The consciousness of the value of employees becomes an attentive human resources and learning processes management, and skills and capabilities increment. The firms develop several initiatives to foster individual and organizational learning, however, in the following list, we identify some points for improvement: (1) Actions: learning on job; use of new technologies (like internet) to foster individual and team learning; skill planning; human resource empowerment; to plan the improvement of the employees knowledge and skills; quality improvement teams; self-assessment; and to strengthen organizational memory. (2) Points to be improved: wider use of innovative methodologies versus traditional methods of learning; deeper evaluation of what individuals learn (ex-post); higher focus on individual capabilities; higher focus on organization and on organizational knowledge and competences; and right mix between learning on the job and out of the job.

Limiting reactants and excess reactants :: GCSE Chemistry Coursework Investigation

Limiting reactants and excess reactants In the first experiment we noticed how Phenolphthalein, thiosulfate and copper (II) sulfate changed their physical properties once mixed with NaOH, Iodine and Ammonia I. INTRODUCTION A chemical reaction is a change that takes place when two or more substances (reactants) interact to form new substances (products). In a chemical reaction, not all reactants are necessarily consumed. One of the reactants may be in excess and the other may be limited. The reactant that is completely consumed is called limiting reactant, whereas unreacted reactants are called excess reactants. Amounts of substances produced are called yields. The amounts calculated according to stoichiometry are called theoretical yields whereas the actual amounts are called actual yields. The actual yields are often expressed in percentage, and they are often called percent yields. In this experiment we combined sulfuric acid and aqueous barium chloride to produce a precipitate, barium sulfate and hydrochloric acid. The precipitation was isolated by filtration and theoretical yield was calculated. We predicted the limiting reactant and verified our hypothesis in the lab. II. RESULT ANALYSIS GRAPH II. DISCUSSION In this experiment we combined sulfuric acid and aquenous barium chloride to produce a precipitate, barium sulfate, and hydrochloric acid. Our assigned volumes of 0.20 M BaCl were 5mL and 30mL. H SO + BaCl BaSO + 2HCl After finishing the experiment we calculate the mass of BaSO that we isolated. The results of the two trials were: 0.7g when we used 30 mL of BaCl and 0.017g when we used 5 mL of BaCl. 1. We calculated the theoretical yield of BaSO using our assigned volume. We know that: Molarity= # of moles/ # of liters, so: Trial 1. To find the number of moles we use the molarity formula: 30mL= 0.03L 0.2M = #of moles/ 0.03L = 0.006 moles of BaCl We know from the chemical formula that there is a 1/1 mole ratio between BaCl and BaSO, and that AW of 1 mol of BaSO = 233.404, so we transform moles to grams: 0.006 x (233.404g) =1.400g BaSO Trial 2. To find the no. of moles we used the molarity formula: 5.0 mL = 0.005L 0.2M = # of moles / 0.005 = 0.001 moles of BaCl AW of 1 mole of BaSO = 233.404g, so we transform moles to grams: 0.001 x (233.404g) = 0.233g BaSO 2. After determining the theoretical yield we calculated the percent yield of BaSO: Trial 1. The actual mass of BaSO isolated in our experiment was 0.

Inventiong Of The Bicycle, Including Formal Outline :: essays research papers fc

The invention of the bicycle: Was it the greatest invention ever? "There has not been a more civilizing invention in the memory of the present generator than the invention of the bicycle open to all classes, enjoyed by both sexes and ages"- Lord Balour (Leek&Leek9.) he bicycle invented in 1816 was to become one of the greatest inventions still used today. A small town blacksmith in Germany had an idea for an invention the people though was crazy. That idea ended up being something used daily today 185 year later. One mans simple idea 185 years ago has become a major part of today’s culture. The Bicycle was one of the most influential inventions of transportation in the world. The Bicycle in its first forms looked nothing like today’s idea of the bicycle. Its original designs were more similar to a â€Å"hobbyhorse† than a bicycle. The Draisine had two wheels in tandem along with a crude steering mechanism. This original idea was left open for other additions. From simple things like rubber tires to most importantly brakes. The Velocipede was a little later in time than the Draisine but still had major issues. They had extremely large front wheels and minute rear wheels. This caused for the super high center of gravity along with almost impossible mounting and dismounting. In a German blacksmith shop around 1816, a man was to invent something that was to become a major part of today’s culture. The original idea was to have a machine. That would allow a person to travel a long distance with little energy. Only after it was built, it was something that would take a large amount of energy to go on flat or a slight uphill for a short coast down a hill. After the invention was refined a little, it could almost get to the idea of what Drais had. It was used for long distance travel with a lot of downhill coasting. The people of Karlsruhe wanted the Barons invention banned from the sidewalks and the streets. On January 12 1818, the baron received this order, â€Å" We, by the grace of God, duke of Baden, grant Duke of Zahringer, grant to Karl, Baron Von Drais for his invention of tread machine an invention patent for ten years duration that no one can copy of have copied in the land of grand duchy, or shall use this on public street or places without first, having settles with the inventor about it and have gotten proof of it from him. Inventiong Of The Bicycle, Including Formal Outline :: essays research papers fc The invention of the bicycle: Was it the greatest invention ever? "There has not been a more civilizing invention in the memory of the present generator than the invention of the bicycle open to all classes, enjoyed by both sexes and ages"- Lord Balour (Leek&Leek9.) he bicycle invented in 1816 was to become one of the greatest inventions still used today. A small town blacksmith in Germany had an idea for an invention the people though was crazy. That idea ended up being something used daily today 185 year later. One mans simple idea 185 years ago has become a major part of today’s culture. The Bicycle was one of the most influential inventions of transportation in the world. The Bicycle in its first forms looked nothing like today’s idea of the bicycle. Its original designs were more similar to a â€Å"hobbyhorse† than a bicycle. The Draisine had two wheels in tandem along with a crude steering mechanism. This original idea was left open for other additions. From simple things like rubber tires to most importantly brakes. The Velocipede was a little later in time than the Draisine but still had major issues. They had extremely large front wheels and minute rear wheels. This caused for the super high center of gravity along with almost impossible mounting and dismounting. In a German blacksmith shop around 1816, a man was to invent something that was to become a major part of today’s culture. The original idea was to have a machine. That would allow a person to travel a long distance with little energy. Only after it was built, it was something that would take a large amount of energy to go on flat or a slight uphill for a short coast down a hill. After the invention was refined a little, it could almost get to the idea of what Drais had. It was used for long distance travel with a lot of downhill coasting. The people of Karlsruhe wanted the Barons invention banned from the sidewalks and the streets. On January 12 1818, the baron received this order, â€Å" We, by the grace of God, duke of Baden, grant Duke of Zahringer, grant to Karl, Baron Von Drais for his invention of tread machine an invention patent for ten years duration that no one can copy of have copied in the land of grand duchy, or shall use this on public street or places without first, having settles with the inventor about it and have gotten proof of it from him.

Graduation Speech: Be Perfect in Christ Jesus :: Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

As I was pondering what to speak about tonight, I started thinking about what has been the main influence in my school experience. I realized that what has shaped me most has been my teachers. What is a teacher? After 13 years of school, believe me, I have an extremely good idea of what a teacher is. Two teachers began to teach me, my father and my mother. The poet Ann Taylor wrote, "Who taught my infant lips to pray, And love God’s holy book and day, And walk in wisdom’s pleasant way? My Mother." This year as we were challenged to give our hearts to God and our minds to our teachers, we learned more of their goals to see us grow as Jesus did in wisdom, stature and favor with both God and man. Col. 1:28 encourages teachers to warn and teach in all wisdom to present each man perfect in Christ Jesus. Mr. Murry’s attitude "For Jesus" led the way for other teachers. Who could forget Mr. Jones' daily quotes? "Whatever you say, Mr. Livesay" was a rhyming line. Mrs. Bears, a Spanish translator for the court system, was able to translate her students’ effort to learn a foreign language. Mrs. Gabby said Yearbook/Marketing Media was her favorite class this year. Of course it was her only class. The firefighting stories of Mr. Doof caught our attention. The musical Mrs. Buyers and artistic Mrs. Williams pulled off an outdoor Christmas program, and Mrs. Sholer , in the midst of planning her son’s wedding, found the time to take her PE class on a volleyball field trip. Looking back from this past year to my earlier school days, one of the teachers that boldly stands out in my memory is Mrs. Miner. No one else has named me as her daughter, Joanie Miller. While at Grace Academy, art class at the end of the day with Mrs. Frisk still makes my sides ache from giggling. During the days when there were no art classes, Mr. Peterson’s enthusiasm for hockey brightened the gymnasium, as he and my father practiced rapid-fire slapshots on some unsuspecting ninth grader. But, through all the memories, I was trying to think of one characteristic of teachers that has shown through the many years. I thought about their dedication, patience and guidance but decided that these wouldn’t do.

Combined solution of Garlic (Allium sativum) and Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) Essay

The study is entitled Combined solution of Garlic (Allium sativum) and Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus). Specifically, it sought to find out how these two solutions (lemongrass and garlic) can effectively kill mosquitoes. It aimed at looking for an organic and safe measure in treating the abundance of mosquito. Ideally, the researcher’s study promotes a tandem between science and creation’s conservation. The materials composing the solution were 40 mL of the combined solution of Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) and Garlic (Allium sativum). The set up was composed of experimental and control group. The experimental group was being sprayed using a specific commercial pesticide. On the other hand, the control group was being sprayed using the organic mosquito killer. Data were collected to gather relevant information. In the light of the findings of the study, it was found out that the solution composing of 40 mL solution of Garlic (Allium sativum) and Lemongrass (Cymbopog on citratus) extract can kill mosquitoes in a short span of time compared with the commercial one. It took only _________before the mosquitoes died. II CHAPTER I Mosquitoes are vector agents that carry disease causing viruses and parasites that lead to life-threatening diseases from one person to person without catching the disease themselves. It prefers people over others. The preferential victim’s sweat simply smells better than others because of the proportions of the carbon dioxide and other compounds that make up the body odor. A large part of the mosquito’s sense of smell is devoted to sniffing out human targets. Mosquitoes are estimated to transmit disease to more than 700 million people annually in Africa, South America, Central America, Mexico, and much of Asia with millions of resulting deaths. At least 2 million people annually die of these diseases. Today, not just our whole country, Philippines, but also the entire world is facing huge problems in relation to the abundance of mosquitoes in the community. In fact, many alternatives and methods such as different kinds of drugs, vaccines, insecticides, nets and repellants are now discovered and created in order to eradicate mosquitoes, prevent diseases, and protect individuals. We opted to make this study to pursue an alternative organic agent of mosquito eradication. The result of this study is to propose an alternative but organic and safe solution in treating the abundance of mosquito in our locality. Moreover, this aimed to significantly help the residents who are greatly affected by these mosquitoes in a way that this study will provide them a new avenue in treating the great number of mosquitoes. 1 This study entitled Garlic (Allium sativum) and Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) as Mosquito Killer is aimed to know the insecticidal effect of Allium sativum and Cymbopogon citratus on mosquitoes in terms of: a. How effective is the Garlic (Alium sativum) and Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus)? b. What is the compared time duration of the commercial product and experimental product? The study hypothesized that the combined solution of Garlic (Allium sativum) and Lemongrass (Cymbopogon Citratus) is more likely effective than commercial product on mosquitoes in terms of the number of mosquitoes that will die. The conduct of this study is significant in lessening the number of mosquitoes all over the country. This would extend an alternative solution for everybody spend less amount of money in treating the abundance of mosquitoes here in our locality and therefore cooperation and resourcefulness will primarily be observed by the people. Specifically, this will bring benefits to the following: Government. This would provide the government a new avenue in lessening the number of mosquitoes. The materials that will be used are recycled and organic in which their availability is easily utilized and therefore they will spend less amount of money in  treatment for the abundance of mosquitoes in the society. Residents. This study raises the awareness level of residents in our country. They would be able to foresee the importance of being resourceful of the things in our surroundings . 2 This study focused on the insecticidal effect of Garlic (Allium sativum) andLemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) on mosquitoes. The materials used were just gathered around the researchers’ household. The investigation utilized 6 mosquitoes that were placed in a transparent container. Mosquito. From the Spanish or Portuguese meaning little fly is a common insect in the family Culicidate (from the Latin culex meaning midge or gnat). Mosquitoes resemble crane flies (family Tupilidae) and chironomid flies (family Chironomidae), with which they are sometimes confused by the casual observer. Organic. Any member of a large class of chemical compounds whose molecules contain carbon. Geraniol. A monoterpenoid and an alco0hol. It is the primary part of rose oil, palmarosa oil, and citronella oil (Java type). It also occurs in small quantities in geranium, lemon, and many other essential oils. Solution. A homogenous mixture composed of two substances. Erradicate. Get rid of something completely. Insecticide. A chemical substance used to kill insects. 3 5 CHAPTER II Allium sativum yields allicin, an antibiotic and antifungal compound (phytoncide). It has been claimed that it can be used as a home remedy to help speed recovery from throat or other minor ailments because of its antibiotic properties. It also contains the sulfur-contaning compounds alliin, ajoene, diallylsulfide, dithiin, S-allylcysteine, and enzymes,  vitamin B, proteins, minerals, saponins, flavonoids, and maillard reaction products which are non-sulfur containing compounds. Furthermore a phytoalexin called allixin was found, inhibiting skin tumor formation. Herein, allixin and/or its analogs may be expected useful compounds for cancer prevention or chemotherapy agents for other diseases. The composition of the bulbs is approximately 84.09% water, 13.38% organic matter, and 1.53% inorganic matter, while the leaves are 87.14% water, 11.27% organic matter, and 1.59% inorganic matter. Fresh C. citratus grass contains approximately 0.4% volatile oil. The oil contains 65% to 85% citral, a mixture of 2 geometric isomers, geraniol and neral. Related compounds geraniol, geranic acid, and nerolic acid have also been identified. More than a dozen of other minor fragrant components were also found. Research has shown geraniol to be an effective plant-based mosquito repellant. Another popular theory is that ingesting garlic can provide protection against mosquitoes. A University of Connecticut study examined this claim with a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled crossover study. The data didn’t provide evidence of significant mosquito repellence. However, subject only consumed garlic once, and the researchers say that more prolonged ingestion may be needed. There are also other natural mosquito repellants that are being researched like the Fennel, Thyme, Clove oil, Celery extract, Neem oil, Vitamin B1. Biopesticide insect repellants (sometimes called â€Å"natural†, â€Å"botanical† or â€Å"plant-based†) has been proven to be as effective as those containing synthetic chemical 4  compounds like DEET. Remember, however, that â€Å"natural† doesn’t always mean safe, so you should use plant-based insect repellants as carefully as any other. With the literature presented above, it can be seen that the study has some bearing capabilities and properties to other work in the sense that it tackles the capacity of some organic materials such garlic juice and lemongrass oil as effective mosquito repellant. C Chapter III Materials: ï‚ · Blender ï‚ · Spray bottle ï‚ · Used Cloth ï‚ · Plastic containers ï‚ · Knife ï‚ · Garlic ï‚ · Lemongrass ï‚ · Grater ï‚ · Measuring cup General Procedure Preparation of the Solution Materials were first gathered before the conduct of the experiment Cymbopogon citratus and Allium sativum were extracted using a used cloth. The extract of each ingredient was stored for two days. Then, both ingredients were measured to the desired amount. The set up was composed of 20 mL Cymbopogon citratus extract and 20 ML Allium sativum extract. Application of the Solution After preparing the experimental set up, the solution was being sprayed on the container with mosquitoes. Each set up was composed of two trials. The time it took before the mosquitoes died was observed and recorded Figure1. Flow of the Methodology Chapter IV This chapter presents the data and observations  obtained from the experimentation. Furthermore, it shows the discussions that support the underlying problems under investigation. Table1. Garlic (Allium sativum) and Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) as Moquito killer The table above shows the comparison of Experimental Setup and Control Setup having the same and equal mass upon applying the solution to the mosquitoes. Table 2. The time it took before the mosquitoes died. Trial Time Experimental Setup Control Setup Average The data above show that the solution composed of 40 mL Cymbopogon citratus extract and 40 mL Allium sativum extract has the capacity to kill mosquitoes with the minimum time of only 2.36 minutes. Chapter V This chapter presents the summary, conclusion and recommendation of the study under investigation. SUMMARY The study focused on making an alternative agent of eradicating great number of mosquitoes. Specifically, it sought to find out the insecticidal effect ofCymbopogon citratus and Allium sativum on mosquitoes. It aimed at looking for an organic and safe measure in treating the abundance of mosquito. Ideally, our study would promote a tandem between science and creation’s conservation. The solution’s composition provided a simple how-to ways help people eradicate great number of mosquitoes in the locality. The materials composing the solution were 40  mL Cymbopogon citratus extract and 40 mL Allium sativumextract. The set up was composed of two trials. The solution was being sprayed on the containers with mosquitoes. Data were collected to gather relevant information. From the experimentation, it was found out that the solution composing of 40 mL Cymbopogon citratus extract and 40 mL Allium Sativum extract is effective mosquito killer. It only took 2.45 minutes before the mosquito died. CONCLUSIONS Arriving at our results and outputs, we came up that Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) and Garlic (Allium sativum) are effective mosquito killer. It only takes at least 2.45 minutes before the effects will be observed. RECOMMENDATIONS From the investigation, the researchers would like to recommend this study to the students who would pursue the Garlic (Allium sativum) and Cymbopogon citratus (Lemongrass) as Mosquito Killer to find other insects in which the solution is applicable and conduct further study on the utilization of the solution.

Application of Managerial Economics in Decision Making

1. 0 penetration7 1. 1 Definition of managing directorial frugals7 1. 2 survival of the fittest and prospect damage9 2. 0 Basic concerns of political economy9 3. 0. 0 Theories of scotchs12 3. 1. 0 The possibility of exact13 3. 1. 1 Tastes14 3. 1. 2 Number of bargainers14 3. 1. 3 Income14 3. 1. 5 Expectations15 3. 2 The system of provide16 3. 3 The opening of crossroadion16 3. 4 The opening of expense( in g e truly figuretnment)17 3. 5 The speculation of l pull in concertr demeanor17 3. 5. 1 Rational conduct17 3. 5. 2 Preferences17 3. 5. 3 Budget constraint18 3. 5. 4 Prices18 4. 0 managerial Economics and Economic Theories18 5. 0 global overview of the dominance of the fair playyer ordinary19 6. Decision- denounce centres under the ability of the uprightnessyer ecumenical20 6. 1 Decisions in the force of the attorney ecumenical21 6. 2 The telephone lineament of humankinds procurance Act, 2007 in ratiocination-making and finishings programme f rugalal theories23 6. 3 opposite finishs25 6. 3. 1 Employment decisivenesss25 6. 3. 2 instruct lasts25 6. 4 Economic conclusions of the armament post of the virtueyer General and cipher constraint25 7. 0 Conclusion26 References28 yieldAPPLICATION OF MANAGERIAL ECONOMICS IN DECISION MAKING Introduction This musical theme try to discourse the finishing of managerial political economy in conclusion-making in an administration of my workplace.In discussing managerial political economy a link has been do to whatever stinting theories and their influence in decision making. The physical composition haveed is the dapple of the Attorney General. The first get d avow of the paper discusses what managerial frugals is and how it relates to frugals the scheme of opportunity cost and its industry what be the concerns of sparings and how they impart been responded. The punt part of this paper discusses theories of frugals which the means of the Attorney Genera l apply presently or indirectly in its decisions.The theories which impart been looked at argon hypothesis of withdraw, theory of supply, theory of consumer behaviour, increaseion theory and disbursal theory. It is in this part w here a picture discussion on the relationship of scotch theories and managerial political economy is vex, emphasis world make on the general decision-making execute. The tertiary and fourth part of this paper discuss the general overview of the chest of the Attorney General, its statutory functions, non-homogeneous decisions make under the postal table service and decision criterion. Also the berth of unexclusive Procurement Act, 2007 in procurance decisions is in brief looked into.The last part of the paper discusses the pertinence of scotch theories in decision making under the conditions of work out constraints and global pecuniary and economic crisis. 1. 1 Definition of managerial economics managerial economics has several(preno minal) definition as define by dissimilar economists and authors. Thomas J. Webster defines managerial economics as the application of economic theory and quantitative manners (mathematics and statistics) to the managerial decision-making process. Simply posit managerial economics is applied microeconomics with superfluous emphasis on those tipics of greatest matter to and immenseness to managers.McGuigan and Moyer define managerial economics as a branch of economics subject atomic number 18a which deal with the application of microeconomics conclude to real world decision-making problem face by private, humans, and non- salary institutions. Managerial economics extracts from microeconomic theory those appraisals and techniques that depart a decision maker to select strategic direction, to solelyocate expeditiously the utility(a)s of the validation, and to respond effectively to tactical solutions. The type of managerial economics in a globalised environm ent slew non be overemphasized.From the above definitions it is obvious that managerial economics stems from the primary(prenominal) subject of economics. It at that placefore authoritative to in in brief look at what economics is nigh so as to appreciate the disposition of managerial economics. According to Lipsey in that location ar ternion economics concerns i)The from tot whollyy(prenominal) oneocation of a cab argonts imaginations among preferences ingestions and the scattering of the societys turn upput among individuals and groups ii)The behaviors in which employment and distri preciselyion swop over sentence and iii)The efficiencies and inefficiencies of economic systems.The definitions above ar found on the fact that the resources of for distributively one society consists non provided of the cede dedicates of nature, such as land, forests and minerals, but too of human electrical condenser, both mental and physical, and of e real ar tificial aids such as tools, machinery and buildings. It is roughtimes useful to divide those resources into three chief(prenominal) groups (1) solely those free gift of nature, such as land, forests, minerals,etc. greennessly c onlyed inwrought resources and completen to economists as LAND (2) all human resources, mental and physical, both contagious and acquired, which economists crab LABOUR and (3) all those man-made aids to only drudgery, such as tools, machinery, fancyt and equipment, including everything man-made which is non consumed for its own sake but is utilize in the process of making an asheser(a)(prenominal) superbs and returns which economists call CAPITAL. These resources argon cal direct FACTORS OF push throughput signal because they ar utilize in the process of performance. very very much a fourth operator, ENTERPRENEURSHIP is distinguished.The entrepreneur is the nonp atomic number 18il who apportions risk by introducing both overb old products and parvenu guidances of making products. He organises the other factors of proceeds and directs them a hanker invigorated lines. The things that atomic number 18 reveald by the factors of return be called COMMODITIES. Commodities whitethorn be divided into uncorrupteds and serve reas integrityds ar tangible, as be gondolas or shoes serve ar intangible, as be haircuts or education. This perspicuousion, however , should non be exaggerated rock-steadys ar cherished because of the service they confer on their proprietors.A car, for subject is valued because of the transportation that it provides-and mayhap similarly for the flow of plea true the owner gets from displaying it as a status symbol. It is sure fact that every nations resources atomic number 18 insufficient to produce the quantities of respectables and services that would be necessitate to see all of its citizens requires. closely of the problems of economics arise out of the use of only resources to satisfy illimitable human wants. This problem brings economists and other persons to the concept of choice and opportunity cost. 1. 2 prime(a) and opportunity cost Choices ar requirement because resources ar unparalleled.Because we skunk non produce everything we would like to consume, on that point moldiness exist several(prenominal) mechanics to decide what bequeath be do and what left undone what totals bequeath be produced and what left unproduced what measure of each good volition be produced and whose wants ordain be convenient and whose left unsatisfied. In al close to societies umpteen different people and organizations either make or influence those choices. soulfulness consumers, cable agreements, ram unions and disposal body officials all exert rough influence. If you postulate to guide more of one thing, then , where at that place is an effective choice, you mustiness curb miniature roughthing else.Thin k of a man with a trusted income who considers spoiling bread. We could say that the cost of this extra bread is so m most(prenominal) shillings per skulk. A more revealing expressive style of looking at the cost, however, is in term of what other consumption he must forge in order to support his bread. Say that he decides to give up pic attention. If the statutory injury of a loaf is one fifth of the legal injury of a cinema seat, then the cost of 5 more loaves of bread is one cinema attendance forgone or, put other way round, the cost of one cinema attendance is five loaves of bread foregone.The concept of opportunity cost emphasizes the problem of choice by measuring the cost of obtaining a measuring stick of one commodity in harm of the measure of other commodities that hand over been obtained instead. 2. 0 Basic concerns of economics at that place atomic number 18 grassroots suspenses which economists in either society or organization need to acquire and cod suffices as part of the process of resolving the problem of scarcity of resources and choices of satsfiable ask among the likely alternatives. The sp atomic number 18-time activity are slightly of the staple fiber straitss economists should ask and attempt to answer i) What commodities are organism produced and in what quantities? This question arises directly out of scarcity of resources. It concerns the apportioning of scarce resources among alternative uses or resource apportionment. The question what determines the allocation of resources in heterogeneous societies? and what are the consequences of conscious attempts to change resource allocation? comport occupied economists since soonest days of the subject. In free-market economies, most decisions concerning the allocation of resources are made through the scathe system.The study of this system whole shebang is the main issue in the THEORY OF scathe (ii) By what methods are these commodities produced? Thi s question because in that location is continuously one technically come-at-able way in which goods and services finish be produced. Agricultural goods, for face, butt end be produced by farming a petite bill of land very intensively, victimization monumental quantities of fertilizer, tug and machinery, or by farming a mammoth measuring stick of land extensively, employ only base quantities of fertilizer, labour and machinery.Both methods can be utilise to produce the resembling quantity of some good one method is frugal with land but uses large quantities of other resources. The comparable is true of manufacture goods it is usually possible to produce the akin output by several different techniques, ranging from ones employ large quantity of labour and a few machines to one using a large quantity of super automated machines and only a very underage number of workers.Questions strong-nigh wherefore one method of production is used rather than a nonher, and the consequences of these choices astir(predicate) production methods, are among the issues resolved in THEORY OF PRODUCTION (iii) how is societys output of goods and services divided among its members? why can some individuals and groups consume large per centum of capital of the natonal output while other individuals and groups consume only a small share? The superficial answer is because the former realize a large incomes while the posterior earn small incomes. merely this only pushes the question one stage back.Why do some individuals and groups earn large incomes while others earn only small incomes? The basic question concerns the member of the heart and soul national product among individuals and groups. Economists wish to sleep with why each particular division occurs in a free-market society and what forces, including administration intervention, can cause it to change. All these questions are discussed in discussed in the theory of dissemination OF INCOME, which i s non dealt with in Managerial Economics. (iv) How efficient is the societys production and dissemination?These questions quite naturally arise out of questions i, ii and iii. Having asked what quantities of goods and services are produced, how they are produced and to whom they are distributed, it is natural to go on to ask whether the production and distribution decisions are efficient. The concept of talent is quite distinct from justice. The latter is a normative concept, and a just distribution of the national product would be one that our value judgements told us was a good or co veterinaryed distribution. (v) are inelegants resources being fully utilized, or are some of them lying idle?As we have noted that the existing resources of any country are not sufficient to satisfy flat the most pressing complicate of all the individual consumers. It may see strange, thitherfore, that we must ask this question at all. Surely if resources are so scarce that at that place ar e not adequacy of them to produce all of those commodities which are urgently, there can be no question of leaving idle any of the resources that are operable. Yet one of the most sad characteristics of free-market economies is that such waste sometimes occurs.When this happens the resources are said to be in involuntarily unemployed. Unemployed workers would like to have line of productss, the factories in which they could work are available, the managers and owners would like to be able to operate their factories, raw materials are available in abundance and the goods that could be produced by these resources are urgently required by individuals in the community. (vi) is the purchasing spot of specie and savings constant, or is being eroded because of inflation? The worlds economies have often experienced consummations of lengthen and rapid changes in impairment levels.oer the pine swing of history, terms levels have sometimes risen and sometimes fallen. In recent dec ades, however, the course of prices has almost always been upward. (vii) is the economys cognitive content to produce goods and services growing from family to course of instruction or is it remain static? The capacity to produce goods and services differ in different economies. In some economies the capacity grows rapidly but averse or stagnant in others. Stagnation and slow capacity growth is the main blow of economies of little developing countries.There are, of course, other questions that arise, but these seven questions are the mojor ones common to all slips of market economies. 3. 0. 0 Theories of economics The world is a very perplex place. In understanding how markets operate, for example, the economists make a number of simplifying assumptions. Without these assumption, the ability to make predictions about the cause-and effect relationship becomes unmanageable. The lawfulness of shoot asserts that the price of a good or service and its quantity withdrawed are in return connect, ceteris paribus.This theory asserts that, other factors remaining constant, individuals provide tend to procure ontogenesis numbers of a good or service as prices fall and decreasing amounts as the prices rise. Of, course, other things do not remain unchanged. a ache with ,changes in the price of the good or service, disposable income, the prices of relate commodities, tastes, and so on, may also change. It is difficult, if not impossible, to generalize consumer behaviour when multile rent determinants are simultaneously changing. It is good to remember that economics is a social, not a physical, science.Economics cannot conduct ascendanceled, science lab experiments, which makes economic theorizing all the more difficult. It also makes economists vulnerable to ridicule. One economic quip, for example, asserts that if all the economists in the world were laid to end, they would never reach a conclusion. This is, of course, an unfair criticism. In busines s, the object is to reduce un certain(prenominal)ty. Economic theories and principles are statements about economic behaviour or the economy that enable prediction of the probable effects of certain fulfills. Good theories are those that do a good job of explaining and predicting.They are supported by facts concerning how individuals and institutions truly behave in producing, exchanging, and consuming goods and services. But these facts may change in time, so economists must continually check theories against the happy chance economic environment. Despite the fact that decision making in the regime is not solely based on economic theories it is worthy discussing some of the common theories and later on see if they are relevant to the voice of the Attorney General. The discovering are some of the theories which are used in managerial economics 3. 1. 0 The theory of guideThe train function asserts that there is a measurable relationship surrounded by the price that a com pany charges for its products and the number of units that buyers are volition and able to leveraging during a specified time period. Economists refer this behavioural relationship as the law of engage, which is sometimes called the first fundamental law of economics. The law of charter states that the quantity demanded of a good or service is inversely related to the selling price, ceteris paribus( all other determinants remaining unchanged). The demand scroll is the saucer-eyedst form of the demand relationship.It is merely a list of prices and same quantities of a commodity that would be demanded by some individuals at uniform prices. This can be illustrated as shown below price of maize Tshs per tonQuantity demanded tons per month 100,000200 150,000250 200,000300 250,000350 300,000400 350,000450 400,000500 The concept of demand is based on the theory of consumer choice. separately consumer faces optimization problem, where the objective is to lease among the combinatio n of goods that maximize his or her satisfaction or commonplace utility, subject to a constraint on the amounts of funds available(i. e. reckon) to purchase these goods. Economists scoop that price is the most influencing factor of quantity of any product purchased. But economists know that other factors can and affect purchases. These factors, called determinants of demand. The basic determinants of demand are (i) consumer tastes(preference), (ii) the number of consumers in the market, (iii) consumers incomes, (iv) the price of related goods, and (v) consumer expectations about upcoming prices and incomes. The determinants are expressed mathematically as follows Qd=f(P, I, T, Ps, Pc, Pe, N.. ) 3. 1. 1 TastesA fortunate change in consumer taste(preference) for a product, a change that makes the product more preferred means the more of it leave alone be demanded at each price. Demand provide attach the demand abridge will slope rightward. An unfavarouble change in consume r preferences will step-down demand, shifting the demand curve to the left. New products may affect consumer tastes for example the introduction of compact discs greatly fall the demand for cassette tapes. Consumers concern over the wellness hazard of cholesterol and obesity have gaind for broccoli, low-calorie beverages, eggs, and whole milk.Over the historical several years, the demand for coffee drinks, bottled water, and sports utility vehicles has greatly accessiond, driven by a change in tastes. So, too for DVDs and digital cameras. 3. 1. 2 Number of buyers An growth in the number of buyers in the market increases demand. A decrease in the of buyers in a market decreases demand. For example improvement in communications have apt(p) pecuniary markets international range and have consequently increased the demand for stocks and bonds. Also, an increase in manners expectancy can increase the demand medical care, retirement communities, and care for homes. transnationa l trade agreements have reduced foreign trade barriers to most of the countries in the world, thus increasing the demand for those products. 3. 1. 3 Income How changes in income affect demand is a more complex matter. For most products, a rise in income causes increase in demand. Consumers typically buy more steaks, steaks, furniture, and electronic equipment as their incomes increase. Conversely, the demand for such products declivity as their incomes fall. Products whose demand varies directly with capital income are called superior goods or blueprint goods.Although most products are normal goods, there are some exceptions. As incomes increase beyond some point, the demand for used clothing, retread tires, and third-hand automobiles may decrease, because the higher(prenominal) incomes enable consumers to buy juvenile versions of those products. Rising incomes may also decrease the demand for soy-enhanced hamburger. Similarly, hike incomes may cause the demand for wood coal g rills to decline as wealthier consumers switch to float grills. Goods whose demand varies inversely with money income are called inferior goods. 3. 1. 4 Price of related goodsA change in the price of a related good or service may either increase or decrease the demand for a product, depending on whether the related good is a substitute or a compliment. A substitute good is one that can be used in place of another good. A complimentary good is that can be used unneurotic with another good. Substitutes skreigh and chicken ars example of substitute goods or simply, substitutes. When the price of beef rises, consumers buy less beef, increasing the demand for chicken. Conversely, as the price of beef falls, consumers buy more beef, decreasing the demand for chicken.When deuce products are substitutes, the price of one and the demand for the other roleplay in the same direction. Examples may include coca and Pepsi, and Kilimanjaro beer and Serengeti beer. equilibrate Ccomplementary g oods are goods that are used together and demanded together. If the price of gasoline falls and, as a result you drive your car more often, the extra driving increases your demand for motor crude. Thus, gasoline and motor oil are jointly demanded they are compliments. So it is with ham and eggs, tuition and text books, movies and popcorn, cameras and films.When cardinal products are compliments, the price of one good and demand for the other good move in opposite directions. Unrelated goods The Brobdingnagian majority of goods that are not related to one another are called free-lance goods. Examples include butter and golf balls, potatoes and automobiles, and bananas and radiocarpal joint watches. A change in the price of one has little or no effect on the demand for the other. 3. 1. 5 Expectations Changes in consumer expectations may shift demand. A crudely formed expectation of higher future prices may cause consumers to buy now in order to criterion the anticipated price ri ses, thus increasing modern demand.Similarly, a change in expectations relating to future product availability may affect current demand. change in demand is to be distinguished with change in quantity demanded. A change in demand is a shift of the demand curve to the right (an increase in demand) or to the left (a decrease in demand). A change in quantity demanded is a movement from one point to another point, from one price quantity combination to another on a fixed demand schedule or demand curve. In summary, an increase in demand may be caused by the following factors A aureate change in consumer tastes An increase in the number of buyers Rising incomes if the product is a normal good Falling incomes if the product is an inferior good An increase of the price of a substitute good A decrease in the price of a complimentary good A new consumer expectation that either prices or income will be higher in the future. 3. 2 The theory of supply While we have discussed some of the cond itions under which consumers are willing , and able, to purchase quantities of a particular good or service, we also need to say something about the willingness of producers to produce those very same goods and services.This is discussed by the law of supply. The law asserts that quantity supplied of a good or service is directly related to the selling price, ceteris paribus. 3. 3 The theory of production The theory of production is centered around the concept of production function. A production function relates the supreme quantity of output that can be produced from granted amounts of various inputs for a granted technology. It is a technical relation between what is fed into the productive apparatus by way of inputs of factor services and what is turned out by way of product.The production function is mathematically expressed as Q=q(L,K), Where Q is tons of output per day, L is labour days employed, and K is units of capital services( e. g. , machine days) used. In varying t he combinations of the factor inputs the presidency has to consider three distinct types of decisions decisions to be made over the short drag, decisions to be made over the desire break out and decisions to be made over the very long run. The short run is define as the period of time over which the inputs of some factors, called fixed factors, cannot be alter.The factor that is fixed in the short run is usually an element of capital( such as plant and equipment), but force be land, or the service of direction, or even the supply of skilled labour. In the short run, production must be varied by changing the quantities used of those inputs that can be varied these are called varying factors. It worth to take note here that the short run does not suss out to a fixed time period, it is a matter of fact. The long run is defined as the period long plentiful for the inputs of all factors of production to be varied, but not so long that basic technology of production changes.In our simple both factor example above, the unfaltering varies q in the long run by varying L and K. The importance of the long run in the production theory is that it corresponds to the situation facing the sign when it think to go into business, or to expand or contract the scale of its operations. The very long run is concerned with situations in which the technological possibilities open to the firm are subject to change, leading to new and improved products and new methods of production. 3. 4 The theory of price( in governing body)The decision-taking units in economic theory are households for demand, firms for supply, and primordial authorities for political science regulation and control. devoted the resources at their command, each household is untrue to act systematically to maximize its satisfaction, and each firm is assumed to act consistently to maximise its loots. 3. 5 The theory of consumer behaviour In addition to explaining the law of demand, the theme of di minishing marginal utility explains how consumers allocate their money incomes among the many goods and services available for purchase.The typical consumers situation has the following dimensions 3. 5. 1 Rational behaviour The consumer is a able person, who tries to use his or her money income to educe the greatest amount of satisfaction, or utility, from it. Consumers want to get the most of their money or, technically, to maximize their total utility. They engage in a rational behaviour. 3. 5. 2 Preferences Each consumer has trig preferences for certain of the goods and services thathat are available in the market.It is assumed that buyers as well have a good idea of how much marginal utility they will get from successful units of the various products they might purchase. 3. 5. 3 Budget constraint At any point in time the consumer has a fixed, limited amount of money income. Since each consumer supplies a finite amount of human and property resources to society, he or she ear ns only limited income. Thus, every consumer faces what economists call a cypher constraint( work out limitation), even those who earn millions of dollars a year. f course reckon constraint are more heavy to consumers with average incomes than for those with extraordinarily high incomes. 3. 5. 4 Prices Goods are scarce relative to the demand for them, so every good carries a price tag. We assume that price tags are not affected by the amounts of specialised goods each person buys. The consumer cannot buy everything wanted. So, the consumer must compromise he must opt the most satisfying mix of goods and services. dissimilar individuals will choose different mixes. . 0 Managerial Economics and Economic Theories Most decisions made by managers usually involve questions of resource allocation within the organisation in both the short and the long run. In the short run, a manager may be interested in estimating demand and cost relationship to make decisions about the price to char ge for a product and the quantity of output to produce. The areas of microeconomics dealings with demand theory of cost and production are obvious useful in making decision on such matters.Macroeconomic theory also enters into decision making when a manager attempt to forecast future demand based on forces influencing the boilersuit economy. In the long run, decisions must be made about expanding or contracting production and distribution facilities, developing and marketing new products, and possibly acquiring other firms. Basically, these decisions require the organisation to make capital outgo that is, intake made in the current period that are expected to yield returns in future periods.Economists have developed a theory of capital budgeting that can be used in deciding whether to assay limited capital spendings. It is therefore not realistic to think that a firm will make decisions based on one theory or a combination of two. Application of economic theories is an issue w hich depends on each case. There may be cases which are not complex, these may be simple decisions to be made by organisation which are not face up with constraints. 4. 1 General decision-making knead The ability to make good decisions is the tell apart to successful managerial performance.All decision making shares several common elements. First, the decision maker must establish or identify the objectives of the organization. The failure to identify organisational objectives correctly can result in the complete rejection of an otherwise well-conceived and well employ plan. for the most part, economic decision-making process involves the following steps 1. Establish and/or identify Objectives 2. coiffe the problem 3. Identify possible alternative solutions 4. Evaluate alternatives and select the best alternative . Implement and monitor the decision. 5. 0 General overview of the subroutine of the Attorney General hold 59(1) of the Constitution of the united majority rule o f Tanzania establishes the business office of the Attorney General. It states there shall be an Attorney General for the administration of the join res commonplacea, who in subsequent articles of this record shall be referred to as the Attorney-General who shall be appointed by the president. Thus, the office of the Attorney General is inbuiltly established.The constitution also prescribe the main role and function of the Attorney General in article 59(3). It provides the Attorney General shall be the adviser of the authorities of the United Republic on legal matters and for that purpose he shall be responsible for advising the political relation on all legal matters, and to discharge any other functions pertaining to or connected with law which are referred or assigned to him by the president and also to discharge such other duties or functions which shall be entrusted to him by this constitution or by any law 5. Statutory functions of The Attorney General As the causa litys and functions of the Attorney General are derived from the constitution it is undisputed fact that decision making in this office is channelize by law. In accordance with the Attorney General(Discharge of duties and functions) Act prescribe the following as functions of the Attorney General (a)To advise the governing activity on legal matters b)To institute and operate criminal cases in courts of law and apply criminal appeals, revisions and applications on be half of the United Republic (c)To litigate civil cases including primitive and human rights matters on behalf of the organisation (d)To draft and vet legislative instruments, translate and revise formula (e)To research, analyse and advice the Government on constitutional and human rights matters (f)To represent the Government in civil and criminal matters (g)To represent the governance in International Arbitration, mediation and negotiations of contacts, Government Loans and international agreements. . 0 Decisio n-making centres under the place of the Attorney General From the organisation bodily structure of the ministry of justice and constitutional affairs(attached as appendix) the following are main subdivisions or directorates useful subdivisions man Prosecutions component Civil and International Law department Legislative particle Constitutional Affairs and Human Rights particle Supporting departments Administrative and Personnel Division Policy, planning and Information improvements Division 6. 1 Decisions in the patch of the Attorney General (a)Statutory decisionsIn making statutory decisions the decision makers are channelize by law as to which option to take and the procedure of making the decision. For instance, the decision to censure a criminal is both legal and economical but much good will is abandoned to legal. The criminals have to be prosecuted though the costs associated with prosecution may be very high. In these decisions the decision makers are less fle xible. Thus, economic theories are given consideration at the level when the Government as a whole makes a decision of allocating its resources in accordance to preference of the services to offer to the citizens. b)Economic decisions Most of the economic decisions of the Attorney Generals social occasion are based on the budget which is approved by the sevens. Generally the budget is of two types of expenditures, provision expenditure and repeated expenditure. Development expenditure In the outgrowth expenditure each department proposes the festering activities which it intends to implement in the next pecuniary year. Each department is categorize as a vote and identified by vote number. Some department have divisions which are mandated to control their funds, these are categorised as sub-votes.As between various development requirements the department must choose which calculates require immediate implementation, this is because each department has more demands of these expenditures, however, the funds allocated by the parliament in each year are meagre. The decisions for development expenditure are made by top management of each department, each department being led by its core functions. Some of the expenditures which are development include rehabilitation of offices, purchase of office furniture, computers, motor vehicles, etc.The foresaid expenditures are those payd solely by the government. There are expenditure which are financed by conferrers, these are also divided in two categories basket funding and aim funding. ring funding are donations by donor countries which are to the general budget of the government. Each donor country individually or in groups contribute to the budget without specifying the project or activities which they wish to assist. The decision as how to spend the money is left to the government through normal budget process. escort funding is done by donor countries(development partners) whether individually or in gro ups who are interested to assist in specific area which they are interested. There are two main development projects in the ministry of constitutional affairs and justice, these are the court-ordered Sector Reform Programme(LSRP) and the Tackling of Corruption Programme(TCP). In these programmes the decisions of what activities to be undertaken in each is a prior bargaining between the Government of the United Republic and the development partners.normally the agreement in the form of enrolment of understanding(MOU) which stipulates the scope and focus of the project and the role of each party. The AGs Office being one of the beneficiary of these project is responsible for implementation and monitoring of the progress. In the course of implementation and monitoring economic theories have to be applied. These theories include demand and supply and consumer behaviour. Generally development expenditure are determined by the government at top level and employ by the departments. Ther e is very little influence of the management of departments in this type of expenditure. hus, at this level application of economic theories is so indirect as most of the decision are made top-bottom. perennial expenditure The budget process of the government on repeated expenditure does not differ much from development expenditure but there is a exquisite variation. While the great part of development budget is decided by the top level of the government recurrent expenditure is in the ambit of management of each department. From the start to the implementation of the budget there are various decisions which are frequently made by departments. However, the decision made must confine to other liming factors.When the budget of the ministry has been approved by the parliament each department has to prepare its action plan which is sent to the ministry of finance. The action plan enables the ministry of finance to determine amounts of money which should be issued by way of treasury issues to each department. An action plan is a timeframe based plan for implanting the budget(see appendix). In the action plan management of each department has to make an decisions on the following issues (a)Activities which are to be implement in each pull back, the department may choose an activity to be apply in the 1st, 2nd , 3rd or 4th quarter.Some of the activities may be dispersed evenly in all the 4 quarters. The decision as to which quarter an activity should be carried is very particular due to the following reasons Prices of goods and services may rise and affect the budget adversely Funds may not be available at the time when the goods or services are needed unpredicted event or state may occur. (b)Activities which are not to be utilize as caused by changes in the approved budget (c)Activities which may require application for approval of reallocation and timing of the same. 6. The role of Public Procurement Act, 2007 in decision-making and application economic theories Enactment of the Public Procurement Act, 2007 has made the application of the theories of demand and supply and theory of consumer behaviour to be feasible. The law makes it a mandatory requirement to follow certain procedures when purchasing goods and services for public offices. Section 28(1) requires each ministry, independent department of Government, Region, District and others to establish a cutlery board for procural of goods, services and works. split up 4(1) of Government Notice No. 7 states the rationale of the law as the public procurement policies are based on the need to make the best possible use of public funds, whilst conducting all procurement with honesty and fairness. Paragraph 4(2)(a) goes further to state that all public officers and members of the public and members of the tender boards who are undertaking or approving procurement shall be guided the following basic considerations of the public procurement policy- The need for economy and efficiency in the use of public funds and in the implementation of projects including the provision of related goods and services. The best interests of a public authority, in giving all eligible suppliers, contractors, and service providers equal opportunities to struggle in providing goods or executing works or providing services. The importance of integrity, accountability, fairness and transparency in the procurement process. To achieve the above objectives the law requires that tenders are awarded by way of competitive tendering in which suppliers, contractors or consultants are invited by the procuring entity to compete with each other in submitting priced tenders for goods, works or services.By providing these legal requirements the enhances the application of economic theories in public procurement. barely as demand theory states that other factors remaining constant a consumer will increase quantity of goods demanded when its price is lower, Public procurement Act requires among ot her things to select the lowest bidder( assuming other things are equal to all bidders, for instance fictitious character and time of supply) The process of budgeting in the Government is both top-down and bottom-top depending on the stage of the budget.The process starts by the Ministry of Finance(MoF) issuing budget guidelines and instruction which are to be followed by all Ministries and departments when preparing the budget. Included in the guidelines are government priorities in the financial year in reference. Budget for the AGs Office is proposed for both the development and recurrent expenditure is done in departments on the following sequences (i)Budget guidelines, budget ceiling and instruction manual issued by the Ministry of Finance (ii)Top Management of the ministry discusses the guidelines and priorities to contemporise with the ministrys priorities. iii)The top management of AGs Office make budget strategies and sets the way forward. (iv)Instructions to the Heads o f departments are issued for implementation of the guidelines, overall government priorities and ministerial priorities. (v)Head of departments implements the above by proposing their expenditures in the year under reference. 6. 3 Other decisions 6. 3. 1 Employment decisions Generally all matters related to staff requirements of any government office are dealt with the chairwomans office Public Service office.When the Attorney Generals Office is need of staff of a certain category, it will have to report the of necessity to this office. drill has shown that the Public Service Office will scrutinise the demand and if satisfied will grant a permit to the department to employ subject to the given conditions. Thus, the room to make decision is not based on the application of the production theory, theory of demand but on policies of the government on employment.For instance, salaries payable are not based on the demand and supply for labour but on what are the government scales of sa laries. 6. 3. 2 provision decisions Training of staff in the office of Attorney General is based on the readiness plan. The training plan shows the training needs of all employees and proposed period of training. It is from this plan that each department has to ensure that it includes in its budget funds for training staff. Practice has proved that the plan is hardly apply due to the fact that funds allocated to training are always inadequate.This poses a problem as to what criterion will be used to select employees to attend training. There is no set criterion for this construction and remains to be a challenge. 6. 4 Economic decisions of the Office of the Attorney General and budget constraint When budget of the ministry of constitutional affairs is approved by the parliament implementation does not start until the ministry of finance disburses funds by way of exchequer issues. It from exchequer issues that the ministry and its departments can start spending. exempt of funds b y the Ministry of Finance is made monthly and the amount depends on levy collections in the preceding month. It is therefore evident that the funds availed to each ministry and department is not necessarily equivalent to the approved budget, in most of the times is less than the budget(see appendix). This compels the ministry or the department to revisit its decisions which were based on approved budget. In this regard some of the decisions are not based economic theories, but on other factors, e. g. , political and social factors. globular financial crisis and economic crisis has contributed to the above mentioned problem by create a depression in the business sector which has a negative encounter on tax revenue. Application of economic theories to make decisions is done both by the top government management and also departmental management. At the government levels directives are issued to cut down expenditures which are deemed not necessary. For instance in the year 2007, the flush minister issued a directive which qualified government spending on workshops, seminars and uncalled-for conferences.In 2008, the government restricted purchase of expensive vehicles. All these measures were aimed at ensuring that the scarce resources of the government are directed towards provision of essential services. This is linked to the theory of consumer behavior and the government as a consumer acts rationally and wisely in spending taxpayers money. samewise, all departments after having been allocated with monthly funds less than their budgets are expected to act rationally by spending money in areas where they will maximize the value for money.They are automatically required to revisit their needs in the budget and rescale the preferences. 7. 0 Conclusion Managerial economics as a science is used as a road-map to show and aid decision makers in arriving at optimal decisions given various constraints. In its application managerial economics uses microeconomics pri nciples and economics theories. Managerial economics is mostly relevant to risk analysis, production analysis, pricing analysis, and capital budgeting. However, practical life tells that almost all businesses apply managerial economics in one way or another.Managerial economics is used and applied in both shekels-making and non- winnings making organisations. While the objective of profit making entities is to maximize profit the objective of non-profit making entities is to achieve and maximise the objectives for their establishment. The government as an institution is also approach with economical and social dilemma some of which need application of managerial economics. Like any other institution, the government is faced with the problem of limited resources against unlimited wants. The resources in the orm of capital, Land, Labour, and Management are not generous to satisfy an endless list of their uses. In addition to this problem the world is direct in uncertainty, if de cisions are made without reconciling the risk component adverse results are likely to happen. Examples of uncertainties which have relateed government resources in Tanzania include electric power crisis which compelled the government to incur cost to buy fuel for IPTL(Independent Power Tanzania Ltd) power plant. The crisis was erroneously not anticipated and therefore not pre-planned.This has impacted negatively government budget as it had to forgo some of the economic and social activities which were envisaged to be carried in the financial year 2009/2010. Explosion of bombs at Mbagala military camp caused blemish of lives and properties of citizens and caused injuries and mental cuff of thousands of Dar-es-salaam residents. The government made compensation for alter property. All these events were likely to be foreseen and the risks minimised or eliminated. Elimination or minimization of these risks entails using techniques under managerial economics(risk analysis).Together with uncertainties which the government can analyse using managerial economics as above there are uncertainties which are beyond the control of the government. For instance, the global financial crisis (GFC) started in the United States of America in the second half of 2007. The crisis was prompted by increase defaults in subprime mortgages. The crisis spread all over the world and has much impacted developing countries than others. Impacts include hurt of employment due to closure of businesses, loss of revenue and decline in new investments.Despite the importance and use of economic theories in decision-making process, the government sometimes use non economic factors to make decisions. This is so because consort to the nature of some of the activities of the government and laws and rules governing the same. For instance, a decision to build a school in a certain area does not depend on expected revenue in the form of fees but the factor will be provision of education services. Thus, in some of the problems economic theories do not apply.The theory which assumes that the objective of the firm is to maximise profit does not apply to government because its humankind does not depend on profit but on welfare of the people. Decisions of the office of the Attorney General apart from applying managerial economics, have to be in line with government policies and in some aspects with the law governing such decisions. It therefore important for decision makers in the governments and its department to make sure that not only policies and laws are considered in making decisions, they should make sure managerial economics together with applicable economic theories are taken on board.References McMconnell, C. R and Brue, S. L,(2005) Economics Principles, Problems, and Policies (16th edn). McGraw-Hill Companies, inc. , New York. McGuigan, J. R. , Moyer, R. C, etal (2005), Managerial Economics Application, Strategy and Tactics. (10th edn), United States of America. Lipse y, R. G, An Introduction to Positive Economics. (6th edn), Butler & Tanner Ltd, capital of the United Kingdom Jehovaness, A. ,(2009), The Impact of Global Financial Crisis on Developing Countries.A paper presented in the seminar on International Accounting Standards and Global Financial Crisis, 28th March, Dar es Salaam. Ngowi, H. P. (20100. The current Global Financial and Economic Crisis and its impact on Africa. A paper for the Medals for question on Development at the 11th Annual Global Development Conference, Prague, Czech Republic. The Constitution of the United Republic of Tanzania The Public Procurement Act, 2007